Conversational psychotherapy

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The conversation psychotherapy (abbreviated GPT, colloquially also talk therapy or GT), or client-centered psychotherapy (also non-directive or person-centered psychotherapy after the common English term person-centered psychotherapy ) is a form of psychotherapy in humanistic psychology that is based on concepts by Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987) goes back. In Switzerland the person-centered approach (PCA) is also used.

The term conversation psychotherapy, which is only common in German, was coined by Reinhard Tausch in the 1960s for professional policy reasons when this form of therapy was introduced and is now common for the designation of therapeutic therapy in Germany.

Individual conceptual approaches and interaction-related procedures of conversation psychotherapy developed in the GPT are also used outside of psychotherapy , e.g. B. in the context of everyday interpersonal communication , advice to teaching and learning methods.

history

The development of this form of therapy is closely linked to the person of its founder, Carl R. Rogers (1902–1987). Rogers is considered to be one of the main proponents of humanistic psychology . He initially called it "non-directive psychotherapy" but later, because "non-directive" was too often misunderstood, "client-centered therapy"

Rogers worked as a clinical psychologist in psychotherapy and counseling for 12 years before teaching at three American universities from 1940 to 1963 as a professor of psychology and (in part) psychiatry. This gave him and his staff the opportunity to do intensive scientific research. He was only concerned with one question: "What are the conditions that lead to a person speaking about their experience of their own accord, learning to understand each other better and ultimately changing attitudes and behavior?" His observations on the relationship between person-centered Attitude and constructive personality changes could be checked in this way with a wealth of empirical studies and confirmed in the essential points. In the 1960s, Rogers co-founded the Center for Studies of the Person in La Jolla , California , where he worked until the end of his life. Rogers was committed to the thinking of John Dewey and was u. a. influenced by the theories of Otto Rank . Later he also pointed out the spiritual proximity of his work to Far Eastern philosophy and to certain aspects of Zen thinking.

Client-centered psychotherapy has had a strong influence on the movement of the encounter groups and is also used as a person-centered approach in counseling and supervision , as student-centered teaching in education and as group-centered leadership in management.

In the FRG, this concept was made known primarily by the psychologist Reinhard Tausch with his book "The psychotherapeutic conversation". In the 2nd edition of this book, 1968, Tausch called this approach "conversation psychotherapy" and kept this name in the following editions (9th edition: 1990). This happened for reasons of professional policy. It was adopted from the psychological (e.g. Biermann-Ratjen et al.) And psychiatric (e.g. Psychiatrie-Enquête) literature and in 1970 was also the namesake of the first German professional association for the procedure, the "Society for Scientific Discussion Psychotherapy" (GwG e.V.).

In the GDR, Johannes Helm and Inge Frohburg further developed the concepts, made them therapeutically ready for application and developed corresponding training and further education programs. The training began with the clinical psychology studies. It was the predominant therapy method in the GDR, it was financed through social insurance, and the offer was both inpatient and outpatient. For the former GDR there was a transitional regulation with regard to social recognition after the fall of the Wall, after which the "all-German" regulation applied everywhere.

Today in Germany one usually speaks of conversation psychotherapy when the therapeutic therapy method is meant, and of the client-centered concept or the person-centered approach when the related theories are meant.

Talking (psycho) therapy as a collective term for forms of psychotherapy in which conversation is in the foreground, as opposed to body therapy or creative therapy , is a translation of talking therapies , but seems less common because it would also include analytical and even certain behavioral approaches.

In Austria and Switzerland there is less talk of conversation psychotherapy or client-centered psychotherapy than of “person-centered psychotherapy” or “person-centered approach” (PCA for short, person- centered approach ). So that u. a. The fact that elements of the concept developed by Rogers also play a role in non-clinical areas, such as counseling, pedagogy, personnel development or pastoral psychology, must be taken into account .

The name is also no longer uniform internationally. There is talk of “person-centered and experiential therapies” and more recently (Elliott et al.) Of “humanistic-experimental therapies” - HEPs.

Image of man

Mainly because of its image of man, conversation psychotherapy is assigned to the humanistic within the framework of the four basic psychotherapeutic orientations (= paradigms sensu Kuhn). The other three basic orientations are psychoanalytic / psychodynamic, behavioral / behavioral and systemic.

Rogers' image of man corresponds on the one hand to that of humanistic psychology, to whose representatives u. a. the psychologist Abraham Maslow , the religious philosopher Martin Buber and the educator John Dewey belong, on the other hand, to the European existential philosopher, such as Søren Kierkegaard . Central is the phenomenological-existential basic position: Man as a reflexive being can and must define his existence and his being in this world in a meaningful way. Rogers also sees similarities between his views and those of the Chinese philosopher Lao-Tse : “If I avoid meddling, people will look after themselves. If I avoid giving directions, people will find the right behavior for themselves. If I avoid influencing them, people become themselves. "

The conception of man in client-centered psychotherapy assumes that the person has an innate tendency to “ self-realization ” and “tendency to perfect” ( tendency to actualize ) which, under favorable circumstances, ensures a further development and maturation of the personality. The person seeking help carries everything that is necessary for his healing within himself and is best able to analyze his personal situation and to work out solutions to his problems. Based on this humanistic conception of man, Rogers concluded that psychotherapy must create a favorable climate for the disturbed growth process.

Rogers' most important personality-theoretical assumption of an "actualization tendency" that the human organism strives to develop and maintain itself out of itself corresponds to the ideas of the neurologist Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965), who assumed a "self-actualization tendency" of the human organism .

A central term in the sense of a “fully functioning person” is the self-concept . From a discrepancy ( incongruence ) between experiencing the organism and the self-concept, psychologically relevant tensions arise and appear to people as conflicts. An example of incongruence (corresponds to a mental malfunction): A mother lives alone with her adult son. Every time he openly makes plans to move out, the mother becomes ill (e.g. has coughing fits, fever, etc.). Talk therapy according to Rogers explained the mother's symptom (susceptibility to illness) through an incongruity between the current experience (the fear of losing the son) and the self (one's own claim not to want to be a clingy mother and to allow the son to live an independent life to want). The aim of therapy is a more mature emotional adjustment by bringing ideal and self-image into harmony.

Humans strive from birth to develop a self. This development is essentially shaped by the experiences that an individual has in contact with his environment, especially with the important caregivers (parents), and in particular by the evaluations of these experiences by his own organism and by the important caregivers. According to Rogers, how the innate need for "positive attention" is taken into account in the respective experience is of decisive importance for the development of the self. If a child is not or not sufficiently taken into account in their experiences (e.g. due to lack of interest or excessive demands or due to other personal problems of the caregiver) or if it is rated negatively in certain experiences (“Don't act like that, you are a part Boy, you don't cry "= not unconditional positive attention), then that is detrimental to the development of a stable self.

From a philosophical and anthropological point of view, the further development of the person-centered approach over the past two decades has brought the term “person” into focus. Important contemporary authors like Peter F. Schmid have shaped this further development of the philosophical-anthropological basis. The person is understood both as substantial (related to himself, autonomous) and relational (related to fellow human beings). The person lives in an inseparable reciprocal relationship between autonomy and relational dependency. This entanglement of substantiality and relationality is decisive for the modern person concept of the person-centered approach. Philosophically, the person-centered approach refers to Martin Buber and, in its further development, to Emmanuel Levinas . On the practical level, concepts such as the “therapeutic presence” or the “personal encounter between therapist and client” moved more and more into focus.

elements

The psychotherapy theory rests essentially on two pillars: a scientifically verified statement about the effective response of psychotherapists and counselors to their clients (the six necessary and sufficient conditions for psychological change) and the basic assumptions about human nature ("tendency to update" and " Need for unconditional positive appreciation ”).

In order for a psychologically relevant change in a person's self-concept to take place, the therapist must practice the three basic attitudes in the relationship with the client:

  • Unconditional positive appreciation for the person seeking advice with their difficulties and peculiarities. The need for unconditional positive appreciation is also one of the person-centered basic assumptions about human nature. The unconditional positive appreciation towards the client can take on various concrete forms of interaction. The unconditional acceptance of what is expressed by the client is part of it, encouraging the person seeking advice or suffering is just as much a basic form of unconditional appreciation as expressing solidarity with the client (J. Finke, 2004).
  • Empathy : Empathetic understanding of the world and problems from the client's point of view, and the ability to communicate this empathy to the client. With empathy as a generative principle of helpful therapist-client interactions, various forms can be distinguished. Basic forms of empathy are, for example, the repetition of what is communicated, empathy as a concretization of what has been said, empathy with reference to the client's self-concept as well as empathy with reference to the client's organismic (attitude-shaping) experience (J. Finke, 2004).
  • Congruence in his attitude (authenticity, truthfulness towards the client): Open perception of one's own experience as a therapist or counselor who is in relationship with the client. This open-mindedness also includes authenticity in the sense that psychotherapists and counselors not only appear as specialists, but also and especially as a person reveal themselves to the client in the encounter. With the congruence as a generative principle of helpful therapist-client interactions, for example, various fundamental forms of authenticity of the therapist can be distinguished. Authenticity in the sense of confrontation with the client, authenticity in the sense of clarifying the relationship with the client and authenticity / congruence in the sense of communicating the therapist's experience to the client (J. Finke, 2004).

The effect of person-centered psychotherapy and counseling is primarily rooted in the implementation of these three basic attitudes. It shapes the relationship with the client, who thanks to this can increasingly turn to his own person in an appreciative, empathic and congruent manner (personality growth). The specific, person-centered interaction, which is shaped by these basic attitudes, always aims to reduce the incongruence of the person seeking advice. The concrete implementation of these attitudes has to be coordinated with the client each time and inevitably results in a separate, person-centered process. The effect does not lie in the theoretical and diagnostic expert knowledge of clients or in the application of therapeutic techniques.

In addition to these so-called basic therapeutic attitudes (also called “therapist variables” in empirical-positivistic jargon) Rogers established three further conditions for a successful client-therapist relationship:

  • There is a psychological contact between client and therapist.
  • One of the two persons (the client) is in a state of incongruence.
  • The therapeutic offer of the basic postures (1–3) must be at least partially perceived by the client.

When all six conditions are met, psychotherapeutic change is possible.

The entire six conditions can be read as one of several cross-school contributions by Rogers to scientifically define psychotherapy and also to make it researchable in terms of variable psychology. Countless empirical-scientific studies since the beginnings of client-centered psychotherapy also prove the correctness of his theoretical psychotherapy model. Nevertheless: Within the person-centered and experiential community it is still controversial today whether the six conditions are actually generally sufficient for effective psychotherapy. Their necessity, however, is not denied by anyone. The litmus test for a person-centered psychotherapist is whether he considers the six conditions to be both necessary and sufficient or only as necessary but not yet sufficient.

In particular, these methods and concepts were transferred to related areas of application such as group therapy , children (as play therapy) , couples therapy and family therapy as well as various psychosocial and educational fields of practice.

What characterizes a mental disorder and how does it develop?

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In the theory of counseling psychotherapy it is assumed that mental disorders develop when certain experiences, which in turn are connected with certain feelings, are not made, or not completely or only distorted: Conversational psychotherapists speak of incongruence when the experiences are not adequately reflected in the reflexive consciousness are symbolized, namely because these experiences are incompatible with the self-concept and "fended off", i. that is, to be "denied" or "distorted" in consciousness. The process of "defending against" certain feelings and experiences is usually not conscious, but is often felt in a diffuse, seemingly unfounded tension or fear, the origin and meaning of which remains closed to those affected.

The conversation psychotherapeutic development theory today assumes that only experiences and the assessments or feelings associated with them can become part of the self or the self-concept that are empathically recognized by the important caregivers as experiences and feelings of the child and unconditionally emotionally positive as experiences of the child Child. A child whose mother - for whatever reason - cannot stand it when her child has tantrums and these e.g. B. punished, his emotional experience - "it makes me angry when ..." - will not be able to integrate into himself. If the child is later a patient, he will z. For example, telling the therapist that he is afraid of feeling anger, because for him being angry means being angry, which must be punished. Above all, Rogers uses the assumption of the evaluations of one's own experiences by important others, which one experiences as a child, as own evaluation criteria in the ideas of how one would like to be (self-ideal) or how one should be and experience as, as shown in this example stressed disease-causing.

The development of mental disorders resulting in a mental illness is usually much more complex than can be shown here. However, the relationships described should be sufficient to derive the most important therapeutic task of a conversation psychotherapist: In the therapeutic process, it should be increasingly possible for the patient to recognize emotional experiences that were previously not or only incompletely permitted as experiences that belong to himself. For this it is necessary to symbolize this as well. This becomes possible when a relationship develops between the therapist and the patient that is characterized on the part of the therapist by empathy, congruence and unconditional positive consideration of the patient's experiences and when the patient can also perceive and accept this relationship offered by the therapist .

Differences to the psychoanalytic and behavioral paradigm

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Rogers emphasizes less the interaction of the so-called instances (ego, superego and id ) in experience and more the development of the self or self-concept and its influence on the experience. He assumes an inherent potential for personal development (= actualization tendency and self-actualization tendency ) and thus relativizes Freud's drive-theoretical assumptions (psychoanalytic drive theory). He sees the decisive developmental power of the personality in the actualization tendency and thus also relativizes the importance of - externally directed - learning processes (SR model. → learning theory), which are seen as decisive development factors in behaviorism.

Agreement with recent psychological theories and empirical evaluations of psychotherapeutic treatments

Rogers' personality and development theory basic assumptions are supported and supplemented by later developed psychological theories. This applies e.g. B. for the knowledge of attachment theory as well as for that of systems theory.

The theoretical theory of therapy developed by Rogers on an empirical basis, that the success of psychotherapy essentially depends on a certain quality of the therapeutic relationship, has been confirmed time and time again by empirical psychotherapy research and is now generally accepted doctrine.

Research in conversational psychotherapy

Rogers wanted to scientifically review the knowledge gained from clinical experience and the theoretical assumptions about psychotherapeutic processes and effects resulting from it. Although his epistemological foundations were phenomenology and humanistic psychology, he used - in the absence of suitable alternatives - the methods of scientific and experimental psychology. Rogers is one of the pioneers of empirical psychotherapy research and z. B. the first to have sound recordings of therapy conversations made for the purpose of systematic research into the laws of psychotherapeutic interaction. His award-winning psychotherapy study on the processes and effects of client-centered psychotherapy, published in 1954, was methodologically groundbreaking for psychotherapy research. The current status of international effectiveness research in the field of "Humanistic-Experiential Psychotherapies" (= HEPs ). represent. It can be summarized as follows:

  1. HEP therapies lead to significant and clinically relevant pre-post changes.
  2. The changes achieved at the time of post are not only stable in the short term (up to a year after the end of treatment), but also in the longer term (after more than a year). In addition, there are on average further improvements in the time after the end of therapy.
  3. Changes due to HEP therapies are significantly (significantly) greater than the changes in comparable clients who are not treated (proof of effectiveness from RCT studies).
  4. The general effectiveness of HEP therapies does not differ either clinically or statistically from the effectiveness of other therapy methods (the so-called Dodobird verdict still applies).

Although there are no general differences in the effectiveness of the various therapy methods, a certain patient usually benefits more quickly or more from a certain therapy method than from another therapy. The question of which therapy method is most suitable for a specific patient is decided within the scope of the indication, which also includes a differential therapy indication (p. 9).

In the meta-analysis of Klaus Grawe the psychotherapy after was behavioral therapy as the most scientifically researched form of therapy called, their effectiveness could be confirmed as very good. However, the so-called Grawe report received criticism from various quarters, for example in the anthology edited by Volker Tschuschke and others entitled Between Confusion and Maculature, or in the response to the meta-analysis by Klaus Grawe by the psychoanalyst Wolfgang Mertens . The team led by the psychotherapy researcher Falk Leichsenring dealt with the fundamental difficulties of comparing effectiveness in therapy studies using the example of the Grawe report and came to a critical assessment because “most studies were not consistently planned as comparative evaluations and also afterwards could not be interpreted in this sense ”.

Professional organizations

  • Germany : There are 3 specialist societies that are committed to the development and establishment of conversation psychotherapy: The largest of these specialist societies is the Society for Scientific Discussion Psychotherapy, founded in 1970. V. (GwG), which has called itself the Society for Person-Centered Psychotherapy and Counseling since 2012 . In addition, there is the German Psychological Society for Discussion Psychotherapy, founded in 1998. V. (DPGG), which consists of conversation psychotherapists working in clinical practice and at universities and technical schools, and the Medical Society for Conversation Psychotherapy e. V. (ÄGG), which is particularly committed to promoting conversation psychotherapy in medicine.
These professional societies have coordinated their activities for the scientific and socio-legal recognition of conversation psychotherapy. They organize scientific conferences (both individually and jointly) and represent conversation psychotherapy in the field of training and further education for both psychologists and doctors. GwG and DPPG are members of the Working Group Humanistic Psychotherapy AGHPT , founded in 1998 , which represents a variety of procedures in psychotherapy.
In the GDR, conversation psychotherapists were represented as a staff unit in an independent working group in the Society for Psychology and as a section in the Society for Medical Psychotherapy.
  • Austria: ÖGWG Austrian Society for Scientific, Client-Centered Psychotherapy and Person-Oriented Conversation (founded 1974).
  • Switzerland: pca.acp Swiss Society for the Person-Centered Approach - Société Suisse pour l'approche centrée sur la personne (founded in 1979 as the Swiss Society for Person-Centered Psychotherapy and Counseling SGGT - Société Suisse pour l'Approche centrée sur la personne SPCP -year anniversary, the renaming took place in order to join the international naming person-centered approach ).
  • Europe: PCE Europe Network of the European Associations for Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy and Counseling
  • World: WAPCEPC World Association for Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy and Counseling

Therapeutic use

An overview of conversational psychotherapy in the various areas and forms of application as well as conceptual developments is provided in the “Textbook for conversational psychotherapy”, which also provides information on training opportunities. An in-depth presentation of the various further developments within the client-centered concept can be found below. a. in the books “Discussion Psychotherapy. The therapeutic diversity of the person-centered approach ”and“ practice of person-centered psychotherapy ”. Sachse tries to transform relationship-oriented conversation psychotherapy into clarification-oriented psychotherapy, and Finke tries to transfer the conversation psychotherapeutic relationship offerings into an intervention-oriented approach.

Soon after its development, the client-centered concept found its way into child and adolescent therapy, e.g. B. found in the concept of play therapy and in counseling work.

The person seeking help with their respective feelings, wishes, values ​​and goals should be the focus of the therapeutic interaction. The therapist's point of view should largely take a back seat, advice and evaluations should be avoided (non-directive behavior). One of the special features of the method is the feedback of the emotional content expressed by the client of his statements without any falsification in other words (active listening; empathy). This leads the client further and further into his own perception, often down to the answers that he does not dare to express in everyday life or which he cannot be aware of. By creating a trusting atmosphere, the client should be able to work creatively and without fear on solving his own difficulties ( self-exploration ). The person-centered psychotherapist understands non-directivity as enabling the client to self-regulate the content and process of the psychotherapeutic relationship. On a subsidiary basis, it is possible for the therapist to take on both thematic and process responsibility, if necessary, provided that this facilitates the maintenance and development of the psychotherapeutic relationship.

The more it is possible to realize the person-centered basic attitude, the greater the chance that a process will begin for the client that is moving towards improvement or healing of psychological and psychosomatic disorders, towards the assumption of self-responsibility and responsibility for others, to an increase in the joy of learning and enjoyment of life, to the reduction of growth blockages. Rogers' psychotherapy and counseling concept appears to be formulated relatively simply as a theoretical model, but its implementation in practice places high demands on its users: on their own experience with the process of perceiving, understanding and accepting oneself and on the ability to Implementation in the respective professional field.

Combined with experimental techniques such as focusing (E. Gendlin), person-centered or client-centered psychotherapy is a very rich, helpful relationship based on creative encounters in order to meet the suffering and / or client seeking advice personally.

The empirical scientific research into the effectiveness of psychotherapy has its founder and pioneer in Carl Rogers. To this day, intensive empirical-scientific research into person-centered and experiential psychotherapy is being carried out at universities and technical colleges in numerous European countries, in the USA and / or in Japan and widely published in international publications. Person-centered psychotherapy has a very wide range of indications (most ICD-10 disorders) and its effectiveness has been very well proven empirically and scientifically. In the last ten years, person-centered and experiential psychotherapy (Gendlin, Greenberg, Rice, Elliot etc.) have grown closer together and form a joint world association for person-centered and experiential psychotherapy (WAPCEPC, see link below).

Conversational psychotherapy in practice

Kriz, for example, gives a detailed overview of the process. An explanation for patients can be found e.g. B. at netdoktor.de.

If the therapist and client agree, after a maximum of five trial sessions, that a psychotherapeutic treatment seems to be possible with a good chance of success, they conclude a written therapy contract. It contains information about the procedure in conversation psychotherapy and about possible side effects (informed consent) as well as the agreements on the treatment goal, the treatment fee, the treatment location and the treatment times.

The usual treatment frequency is one session a week, each lasting 45 to 50 minutes. The average scope of treatment for conversation psychotherapy is around 70 sessions over a period of almost two years.

Under certain conditions, a promising short-term therapy with a z. B. 25 sessions limited scope of treatment can be agreed.

Recognition and training in German-speaking countries

The situation is different in the German-speaking countries, in particular due to different legal regulations in the field of psychotherapy.

Germany

In 1967, psychotherapy was included in statutory health care through the "Psychotherapy Guidelines" (PT-RL) - qualified, adequate and economical care should be guaranteed. So-called psychotherapeutic guideline procedures were initially only procedures based on psychoanalysis (analytical psychotherapy and psychotherapy based on depth psychology); behavior therapy was added in 1987 after lengthy negotiations. As early as the " Psychiatry Enquête " of 1972 it was called for behavioral therapists and conversation psychotherapists to be recognized under social law. In a scientific report commissioned by the German federal government (Meyer et al. 1991) it is stated that the exclusion of conversation psychotherapy contradicts the empirical evidence on the clinical effectiveness of the procedure and is therefore unjustified.

Before the introduction of the Psychotherapists Act of June 16, 1998, research and training had been carried out by university psychological institutes (especially the University of Hamburg and Humboldt University in Berlin) since the 1960s. Psychologists and doctors were trained. This was accompanied by intensive research on the effectiveness and its conditions.

The Psychotherapists Act requires the scientific recognition of a method used for therapeutic psychotherapy in § 11, which may have to be made "on the basis of an opinion from a scientific advisory board". Since the introduction of the law, the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) has been responsible for drawing up all guidelines in the health system, including the psychotherapy guidelines . The current psychotherapy guideline lists two psychotherapy methods as recognized in § 15: Psychoanalytically based methods (psychotherapy based on depth psychology, analytical psychotherapy) and behavioral therapy.

The Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy is consulted for technical expertise. The guideline is u. a. To regulate more details about the illnesses requiring psychotherapeutic treatment and the procedures suitable for the treatment of the sick (§ 92 (6a)).

On issues that affect the psychotherapeutic care, advice on doctors 'Confederation and the doctors' associations of the countries established Advisory Technical Committees for Psychotherapy ( § 79b of the Fifth Book of the Social Code ). The advisory committee for psychotherapy is composed of five psychological psychotherapists, a child and adolescent psychotherapist and representatives of the doctors in equal numbers and it gives its opinion on decisions that affect psychotherapeutic care. Scientific recognition and recognition under social law (reimbursement of costs by the health insurers) are decided separately and this has led and continues to lead to conflicts with regard to the recognition of the GT to this day.

The conversation psychotherapy was the subject of an opinion of the Scientific Advisory Board on Psychotherapy dated September 30, 1999 . Scientific proof of effectiveness could be established for:

  • Affective disorders
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Adjustment disorders, somatic diseases.

It was found that conversation psychotherapy is a theoretically sufficiently well-founded therapy method that can be scientifically recognized for the areas of affective disorders, anxiety disorders, adjustment disorders and somatic diseases . It could not be recommended as a method for in-depth training as a psychological psychotherapist in accordance with Section 1, Paragraph 1 of the Training and Examination Ordinance for Psychological Psychotherapists, as this therapeutic method is not for the minimum number of five of the twelve areas of application of the psychotherapy of the Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy or for at least four of the classic areas of application can be considered scientifically recognized.

On the basis of a follow-up application in 2000 , the Scientific Advisory Board on Psychotherapy extended the scientific recognition of conversation psychotherapy in the field of stress disorders on September 16, 2002 (F43). He notes that the criterion of the five indication areas is now fulfilled for counseling psychotherapy in adults.

In 2006, after four years of examination of the social law approval by the G-BA , the G-BA decided that the GT would not be a health insurance benefit. They justify their judgment with the fact that in the scientific literature proof could only be found for patients with depression that conversation psychotherapy helps just as well as the methods currently available in the statutory health insurance (GKV) . A “broad relevance to care” is an essential criterion for the inclusion of a psychotherapy procedure in the SHI service catalog, because this is the only way to ensure that a psychotherapist can treat the most common mental illnesses . The criteria of evidence-based medicine were used for the first time. According to the G-BA, the result was equally surprising for service providers, health insurance and patient representatives. The established procedures - psychoanalysis, psychotherapy based on depth psychology, behavior therapy - were not tested according to the criteria of evidence-based medicine and the intention was reaffirmed to test these procedures again accordingly, which has not yet happened. The Federal Chamber of Psychotherapists criticized the decision. She accuses the G-BA of excluding suitable studies and a lack of transparency. The Federal Ministry of Health (Germany) (BMG) also objected to this G-BA decision; in June 2006 the BMG had already objected to the psychotherapy guidelines. Above all, the ministry criticized the fact that the Federal Chamber of Psychotherapists was not provided with the more than 600-page benefit assessment report, which contains the evaluation of the studies examined.

In April 2008, the G-BA completed the assessment process on conversation psychotherapy. Proof of benefit is not sufficient for recognition as a GKV service.

In 2008 the Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy presented new procedural rules for assessing scientific recognition. Advances in research and evidence-basedness should be taken into account. Evidence must be provided for two areas of application: affective disorders and anxiety disorders, as around 80 percent of all patients who go to psychotherapy suffer from these disorders. The separate re-examination of the effectiveness studies by the G-BA is the will of the legislature, the decisions of the advisory board and the G-BA are, according to Dietmar Schulte, independent of each other. The advisory board clarifies which procedures can be used for training - the G-BA decides which treatments are paid for. The reason for the different assessment of the GT is not the procedure, but the different procedural rules of the advisory board and G-BA. One of the goals of the new procedural rules is to avoid such discrepancies in the future.

From 2002 to 2009 a "Working Group on Recognition" of various committees dealing with GT was active in order to provide arguments for recognition of GT and to provide technical expertise. Since the G-BA did not use this technical competence and quasi non-specialists made the decisions there, and assessments were made clearly in contradiction to the scientific knowledge and results of all other evaluations carried out by high-ranking experts and professional practitioners, this committee dissolved because one saw no more opportunities for recognition.

In 2009, the GwG itself submitted a synopsis to test the effectiveness of the GT. It comes to the conclusion that, despite the existing differences, both in the selection of the effectiveness studies to be taken into account and in the methodological approach, three out of four presented effectiveness tests come to the clear conclusion that conversation psychotherapy is an effective method for eliminating or reducing disease-related psychologically-related disorders with a broad range Indication range is. Reasons for the different assessment of the G-BA are analyzed.

In 2017 there was a renewed assessment by the Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy . The application was made for the overall recognition of humanistic psychotherapy by the Working Group on Humanistic Psychotherapy (AGHPT) and included 10 individual therapeutic approaches. The overall recognition was rejected, but it was noted for the conversation psychotherapy: The scientific recognition can be re-established for the conversation psychotherapy (including the emotion-focused therapy) for adults for the areas of application:

  • Affective disorders (F3); including F94.1; F53
  • Adjustment and stress disorders (F43)
  • Psychological and social factors in somatic diseases (F54).

It is not recommended for in- depth training in accordance with Section 1, Paragraph 1 of the Training and Examination Regulations for Psychological Psychotherapists, as the minimum requirements for the recommendation for the two areas of application "Affective disorders" and "Anxiety disorders" are not met on the basis of the studies available . In the method paper version 2.9 it is required that affective disorders ((F3) including F94.1; F53) and anxiety disorders (F40-F42, F93 and F94.0) must be at least areas of application - ultimately only the anxiety disorders are missing. This led to a general refusal of full scientific recognition of the GT, which is heavily criticized.

A critical evaluation from the point of view of conversation psychotherapy can be found in Kriz. In 1987, a survey by the “Institute for Liberal Professions University Erlangen-Nürnberg” (Wasilewski & Funk) on 1,779 psychologists working independently in clinical practice showed that conversation psychotherapy was the most frequently used method (even if some of them were assigned to several methods). There are sufficient studies on the effectiveness of anxiety disorders that were recognized in the first assessment. 9 existing studies have now been wrongly rejected. He also points out

  • that in 1998, 40 German university professors in the field of psychotherapy / clinical psychology / medical psychology stated in a statement: Conversational psychotherapy has been one of the tried and tested methods both internationally and in Germany for decades. Thousands of patients have been successfully treated as outpatients or inpatients with conversational psychotherapy. In numerous textbooks in psychotherapy / clinical psychology, this procedure is shown as scientific and documented as effective. At many German universities, conversation psychotherapy is part of both research and teaching and is therefore part of the examination material in the main diploma in psychology. They demanded immediate recognition as a "guideline procedure".
  • A commission of experts appointed by the Federal Chamber of Psychotherapists (BPtK) (five professors for clinical / medical psychology and psychotherapy or psychiatry and psychotherapy, recognized psychotherapy researchers, only one in conversation psychotherapy) comes to the conclusion on the basis of its own research: Thus, conversation psychotherapy meets all the requirements of psychotherapy - Guidelines to be approved as a new psychotherapy procedure for statutory health care.

In Germany, criteria and offers for further education and training are regulated by the Society for Person-Centered Psychotherapy and Counseling (GWG). Corresponding offers are made by universities and other providers. There are three curricula for counseling (people who are active in the psychosocial, educational or medical field):

  • Basic module (one year, 145 hours)
  • Person-centered interviewing (two years, 290 hours)
  • Person-centered advisor (three years, 435 hours)

The basic module is a prerequisite for further training as a psychotherapist in person-centered psychotherapy. This is followed by specific training for which minimum standards have been formulated. It lasts at least 4 years and includes a workload of 1040 hours. Persons with a recognized university degree (e.g. Bachelor or Master) in psychology, human medicine, pedagogy, theology, sociology, social sciences, social work, social pedagogy, curative pedagogy and others are admitted . If they are particularly suitable or in special cases, people from therapy-related professional fields can apply for admission.

Switzerland

The postgraduate training in Switzerland to become a person-centered psychotherapist is currently being offered by the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Basel in cooperation with the Swiss Society for Person-Centered Psychotherapy and Counseling (pca.acp). The Master of Advanced Studies degree in Person-Centered Psychotherapy complies with the quality standards of the Psychology Professions Act. The admission requirement is a university degree in psychology (university or technical college). The curriculum includes 500 hours of knowledge and skills, 125 hours of group supervision and 75 hours of group self-awareness, nine supervised and written case documentation, the master's thesis and a final examination. 500 hours of personal therapeutic work, two years of clinical practice and 50 hours of individual supervision as well as 50 hours of individual self-experience are also completed. Pca.acp also offers diploma courses in person-centered advice (German and French).

Austria

According to the Austrian Society for Scientific, Client-Centered Psychotherapy and Person-Oriented Conversation , person- centered or client- centered conversation psychotherapy is a state-recognized form of psychotherapy. It offers basic, advanced and advanced training: a propaedeutic course as basic training and a client-centered specialist course for participants from all federal states. In Austria, the therapy is recognized by statutory health insurance and is covered by health insurance. A psychotherapy law has been in force in Austria since 1991. As of 2012, 22 psychotherapeutic procedures were recognized, the placement of these is the responsibility of 38 state-certified specialist training institutions. The person-centered approach is represented by the ÖGWG (560 members), the forum for person-centered practice, training and research - section of the work group for person-centered psychotherapy, conversation and supervision (forum of the APG, approx. 200 members), the institute for person-centered studies, section of the work group for person-centered psychotherapy , Interviewing and supervision (IPS of the APG) (approx. 160 members) and the Rogerian Psychotherapy Association (VRP) (approx. 70 members).

See also

Wiktionary: Conversational therapy  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

literature

Works by Rogers
  • Carl R. Rogers: The client-centered conversation psychotherapy . Fischer TB, Frankfurt a. M. 1993, ISBN 3-596-42175-6 .
  • Carl R. Rogers: The non-directive advice . Fischer, Frankfurt a. M. 1994, ISBN 3-596-42176-4 .
  • Carl R. Rogers: Therapist and Client. Basics of conversation psychotherapy . Fischer TB, Frankfurt a. M. 1994, ISBN 3-596-42250-7 .
  • Carl R. Rogers: A Theory of Psychotherapy, Personality, and Interpersonal Relationships . GwG, Cologne, ISBN 3-926842-00-8 .
  • Carl R. Rogers: Development of Personality. Psychotherapy from the perspective of a therapist . Klett, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-608-94367-6 .
  • Carl R. Rogers: The New Man . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-608-95230-6 .
Introductory summary
  • J. Eckert, J. Kriz: Humanistic therapy methods. In: Wolfgang Senf, Michael Broda (Ed.): Practice of Psychotherapy. An integrative textbook. 5th, revised. Edition. Thieme, Stuttgart / New York 2011, ISBN 978-3-13-106095-2 , pp. 256-277.
Textbook
  • Hanko Bommert: Basics of conversational psychotherapy . 4th edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-17-009790-3
  • J. Eckert, E.-M. Biermann-Ratjen, D. Höger (Ed.): Conversational Psychotherapy. Textbook. 2nd Edition. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-28649-0 .
  • Eva-Maria Biermann-Ratjen among others: conversation psychotherapy. Change through understanding . 10th edition Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-17-029413-4 .
  • Bommert, H. / Dahlhoff, H.-D. (Ed.): Self-experience (experiencing) in psychotherapy. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich-Vienna-Baltimore 1978, ISBN 3-541-08491-X .
dictionary
  • G. Stumm, J. Wiltschko, WW Keil (Ed.): Basic concepts of person-centered and focusing-oriented psychotherapy and counseling. Pfeiffer at Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-608-89697-X , pp. 111-115.
  • J. Finke: Conversational Psychotherapy. Basics and specific applications. 4th edition. Thieme, Stuttgart 2009.
Others
  • Jochen Eckert (Ed.): Practice of conversation psychotherapy. Incident-related case presentations . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-17-014402-2 .
  • Jochen Eckert: Conversational Psychotherapy. In: C. Reimer, J. Eckert, M. Hautzinger, E. Wilke: Psychotherapy. A textbook for doctors and psychologists. Springer-Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-29987-5 . (PDF; 738 kB)
  • Frenzel, P. / Keil, W. / Schmid. PF / Stölzl, N. (Ed.): Client- / person-centered psychotherapy. Contexts, concepts, concretizations . Facultas, place of publication 2001, ISBN 3-85076-481-8 .
  • Frenzel, P./Schmid PF / Winkler M: Handbook of Person-Centered Psychotherapy . Edition Humanistic Psychology, Cologne 1992, ISBN 3-926176-44-X . (With an introduction by Carl R. Rogers.)
  • Jobst Finke: Psychotherapy. Basics and specific applications . 3. Edition. Thieme, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-13-129603-8 .
  • Tausch, Reinhard, Tausch, Annemarie: conversational psychotherapy. Helpful group and individual discussions in psychotherapy and everyday life . 9th supplementary edition Hogrefe, Göttingen, 1990, ISBN 3-8017-0377-0 .
  • Sabine Weinberger: Client-centered interviewing . 9. revised Ed. Juventa, Weinheim 2004, ISBN 3-7799-2048-4 .
  • Motschnig, Renate, Nykl, Ladislav: Constructive communication. Understand yourself and others through person-centered interaction. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2009. ISBN 978-3-608-94514-0

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ CR Rogers: Counseling and Psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1942.
  2. ^ CR Rogers: Client-centered therapy. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1951.
  3. ↑ a b R. Tausch: The psychotherapeutic conversation. Adult psychotherapy in a non-directional orientation. Hogrefe, Göttingen 1960.
  4. ↑ a b c conversation psychotherapy in DORSCH Lexicon of Psychology
  5. ↑ E.-M. Biermann-Ratjen, J. Eckert, H.-J. Schwartz: conversation psychotherapy. Change through understanding. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1979.
  6. ↑ Psychiatrie-Enquête: Report on the situation of psychiatry in the Federal Republic of Germany. German Bundestag, 7th electoral term. Printed matter 7/4200. 1975.
  7. ↑ Johannes Helm (Ed.): Psychotherapy Research. Questions, attempts, facts. With the collaboration of Inge Frohburg. 2nd edition, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1972.
  8. ↑ Johannes Helm: Conversational Psychotherapy. Research - practice - training . VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1978
  9. ^ Michael Geyer: Psychotherapy in East Germany: History and Stories 1945–1995 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011
  10. ↑ Frohburg, I. (2010): On the social law recognition of conversation psychotherapy: The activity of the working group “Recognition” (2002–2009) Z. conversation psychotherapy and person-centered advice (2010), volume 1, 63-68
  11. ↑ cf. e.g. psychotherapy on gwg-ev.org
  12. ↑ Talking therapies at mentalhealth.org.uk
  13. ↑ Talk therapy in Pschyrembel
  14. ^ A b R. Elliott, LS Greenberg, J. Watson, L. Timulak, E. Freire: Research on Humanistic-Experiential Therapies. In: Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. 6th edition. John Wiley, Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey 2013, pp. 495-538.
  15. ^ TS Kuhn: New considerations on the concept of the paradigm. In: TS Kuhn: The emergence of the new: Studies on the structure of the history of science. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1977, pp. 389-420.
  16. ^ CR Rogers: A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In: S. Koch (Ed.): Psychology: a study of a science. Vol. 3, McGraw Hill, New York 1959, pp. 184-256. (German 2009: A theory of psychotherapy, personality and interpersonal relationships. Munich: Reinhardt).
  17. ↑ E.-M. Biermann-Ratjen: Client-centered development theory. In: J. Eckert, E.-M. Biermann-Ratjen, D. Höger (Ed.): Conversational Psychotherapy. Textbook. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2012, pp. 67–86.
  18. ↑ D. Höger: The person-centered approach and the attachment theory. In: J. Kriz, Th. Slunecko (Ed.): Discussion Psychotherapy. The therapeutic diversity of the person-centered approach. fakultas wuv UTB, Vienna 2007, pp. 64–78.
  19. ↑ J. Kriz: Person-centered system theory - basic questions and core aspects. In: A. von Schlippe, W. Ch. Kriz (ed.): Person centering and system theory. Perspectives for psychotherapeutic action. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2004, pp. 13–67.
  20. ↑ DE Orlinski, K. Grawe, BK Park: Process and outcome in psychotherapy - One more time. In: AE Bergin, SL Garfield (Ed.): Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 4th edition. Wiley, New York 1994, pp. 270-376.
  21. ↑ M. Hermer, B. Röhrle (Ed.): Handbook of the therapeutic relationship. Volume 1: General Part. and Volume 2: Special Part. dgvt-Verlag, Tübingen 2008.
  22. ↑ JC Norcross (Ed.): Psychotherapy Relationships That Work. Evidence-based responsiveness. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, New York 2011.
  23. ↑ CR Rogers 1959, pp. 184-256.
  24. ^ CR Rogers, RF Dymond: Psychotherapy and personality change. Co-ordinated research studies in the client-centered approach. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1954.
  25. ^ M. Cooper: Essential Research Findings in Counseling and Psychotherapy: The Facts are friendly. Sage, London 2008.
  26. ↑ M. Cooper, JC Watson, D. Hölldampf (Eds.): Person-centered and experimental therapies work. A review of research on counseling, psychotherapy and related practices. PCCS BOOKS, Ross-on-Wye, pp. 1-15.
  27. ↑ E.-M. Biermann-Ratjen, J. Eckert, H.-J. Schwartz: conversation psychotherapy. Change through understanding. 10th, revised edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2016.
  28. ↑ Klaus Grawe, Ruth Donati, Friederike Bernauer: Psychotherapy in Transition - from denomination to profession. Hogrefe, Göttingen 1994; 5th unchanged edition 2001, ISBN 3-8017-0481-5 .
  29. ↑ Volker Tschuschke , Claudia Heckrath, Wolfgang Tress: Between confusion and waste. On the value of the Bern psychotherapy study by Grawe, Bernauer and Donati . Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen 1997, ISBN 3-525-45801-0 ( d-nb.info [PDF; 19 kB ; accessed on October 3, 2019] Table of Contents).
  30. ↑ Wolfgang Mertens : Psychoanalysis on the test bench? A reply to the meta-analysis by Klaus Grawe . Quintessenz, Berlin, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-86128-288-7 .
  31. ↑ Willi Hager, Falk Leichsenring , Angelina Schiffler: When does a therapy study enable direct comparisons of effectiveness between different forms of therapy? In: Journal for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy . tape 50 , no. 2 . Georg Thieme Verlag, 2000, ISSN  1438-3608 , p. 51–62 (quotation from the abstract published by the publisher).
  32. ↑ German Psychological Society for Conversational Psychotherapy e. V. Website
  33. ↑ Website of the Medical Society for Discussion Psychotherapy (ÄGG)
  34. ↑ HD. Rösler: On the history of clinical psychology in the GDR Report Psychology 11/12 2011
  35. ↑ ÖGWG - Austrian Society for Scientific, client-centered psychotherapy and person-oriented conversation
  36. ↑ Swiss Society for the Person-Centered Approach
  37. ^ Network of the European Associations for Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy and Counseling
  38. ^ World Association for Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy and Counseling
  39. ↑ J. Eckert, E.-M. Biermann-Ratjen, D. Höger (Ed.): Conversational Psychotherapy. Textbook. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2012.
  40. ^ J. Kriz, Th. Slunecko: Discussion Psychotherapy. The therapeutic diversity of the person-centered approach. Unv. Reprint of the 1st edition (2007) by UTB. Faculties, Vienna 2011.
  41. ↑ G. Stumm, W. Keil (Ed.): Practice of person-centered psychotherapy. Springer, Vienna 2014.
  42. ↑ R. Sachse: From conversation psychotherapy to clarification-oriented psychotherapy. Criticism and further development of a therapy concept. Pabst Science Publisher, Lengerich 2005.
  43. ^ J. Finke: Conversational Psychotherapy. Basics and specific applications. 4th edition. Thieme, Stuttgart 2009.
  44. ↑ C. Boeck-Singelman, B. Ehlers, T. Hensel, F. Kemper, C. Monden-Engelhardt (eds.): Person-centered psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Volume 1: Basics and Concepts. Hogrefe, Göttingen 1996. (2nd, revised and expanded edition, published 2002).
  45. ↑ C. Boeck-Singelman, B. Ehlers, T. Hensel, F. Kemper, C. Monden-Engelhardt (eds.): Person-centered psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Volume 2: Application and Practice. Hogrefe, Göttingen 1997. (2nd, revised and expanded edition, published in 2002)
  46. ^ V. Axline: Children's play therapy in a non-directive method. Reinhardt, Munich 1974. (Original: Playtherapie. The inner dynamics of childhood. 1947)
  47. ↑ Kriz: Basic Concepts of Psychotherapy , 6th revised. Edition. Weinheim: Beltz PVU 2007
  48. ↑ Talk therapy on netdoktor.de
  49. ↑ A.-E. Meyer, R. Richter, K. Grawe, J.-M. Graf vd Schulenburg, B. Schulte: Research report on questions of a psychotherapist law. On behalf of the Federal Ministry for Youth, Families, Women and Health. University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 1991.
  50. ↑ a b Frohburg, I. (2007): The unfinished story ... A (short) documentation on the previous course of the social law recognition procedure. in: Frohburg, I. (2007). Twelve articles on the social law recognition procedure for conversational psychotherapy. Cologne: GwG-Verlag
  51. ^ Inge Frohburg and Jochen Eckert (Eds.) (2011) Conversational Psychotherapy Today. An inventory. GwG publishing house
  52. ^ Psychotherapy guideline of the Federal Joint Committee G-BA
  53. ^ Website Scientific Advisory Board Psychology
  54. ↑ Fifth Book of the Social Code in Germany
  55. ↑ Advisory committee for psychotherapy on kbv.de.
  56. ↑ Scientific Advisory Board on Psychotherapy: Expert Opinion on Conversational Psychotherapy as a Scientific Psychotherapy Process Dtsch Arztebl 2000; 97 (1-2): A-61 / B-47 / C-47 Margraf, J .; Hoffmann, SO]
  57. ↑ Scientific Advisory Board on Psychotherapy (according to Section 11 PsychThG): Expert opinion on the subsequent application for conversation psychotherapy Dtsch Arztebl 2002; 99 (45): A-3047 / B-2575 / C-2407
  58. ↑ Federal Committee: Conversational psychotherapy is not a health insurance benefit aerzteblatt, Wednesday, November 22, 2006
  59. ↑ Petra Bühring: Conversation Psychotherapy: No recognition as a GKV service Dtsch Arztebl 2006; 103 (48): A-3217 / B-2801 / C-2685
  60. ↑ Petra Bühring: Conversational Psychotherapy: A Neverending Story Dtsch Arztebl 2007; 104 (28-29): A-2042 / B-1801 / C-1737
  61. ↑ Joint federal committee concludes assessment procedure for conversation psychotherapy: Proof of benefit is not sufficient for recognition as a statutory health insurance benefit. Press release on g-ba.de
  62. ↑ Fundamental reasons of the Federal Joint Committee for the decision on a change in the psychotherapy guidelines: Result of the evaluation procedure on the conversation psychotherapy in adults from April 24, 2008 on g-ba.de
  63. ↑ "The hurdle is getting a little higher" Interview with Dietmar Schulte by Petra Bühring Dtsch Arztebl 2008; 105 (8): A-388 / B-347 / C-343
  64. ^ Inge Frohburg: On the social law recognition of conversation psychotherapy: The activity of the working group "Recognition" (2002–2009). Z. conversation psychotherapy and person-centered counseling (2010), Heft 1, 63-68
  65. ↑ Inge Frohburg: Technical and legal remarks on the assessment of conversation psychotherapy by the G-BA. Z. Conversational psychotherapy and person-centered counseling H. 1 2007. 44-47
  66. ↑ Inge Frohburg (2009): Efficacy tests of conversation psychotherapy. Annotated bibliographic synopsis on the benefit assessments relevant to social law. GwD-Verlag Cologne.
  67. ↑ Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy according to Section 11 PsychThG Expert opinion on the scientific recognition of humanistic psychotherapy Deutsches Ärzteblatt, March 9, 2018, p. A11 f.
  68. ↑ Applications to the Scientific Advisory Board on Psychotherapy (WBP) Chronology of the discourse also view of the AGHPT
  69. ↑ Method paper with the current criteria for the training recommendation of the WBP
  70. ↑ Training regulations
  71. ↑ Jürgen Kriz: The conversation psychotherapy in the German health system. In: I. Frohburg, J. Eckert: Conversational Psychotherapy Today. An inventory of Cologne: GwG-Verlag 2011
  72. ↑ Further education on gwg-ev.org
  73. ↑ Minimum standards for further training in person-centered psychotherapy (GwG)
  74. ↑ Accreditation of further training courses in psychotherapy: quality standards
  75. ↑ Master of Advanced Studies in Person-Centered Psychotherapy University of Basel
  76. ↑ website pcs.acp
  77. ↑ Person- or client- centered conversation psychotherapy on oegwg.at
  78. ↑ Wolfgang W. Keil and Gerhard Stumm: The person-centered approach in Austria. 81Conversational psychotherapy and person-centered counseling 2/2012