Pfiesteria shumwayae
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Pfiesteria shumwayae |
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| Glasgow & JM Burkholder |
Pfiesteria shumwayae or Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate from the genus Pfiesteria and was described for the first time in 2000. The species canacquirethe ability to photosynthesize by eating autotrophic algae, whereby their chloroplasts are preserved and usedas kleptoplastids . P. shumwayae can also be predatory, and poisonous strains of P. shumwayae have been linked to fish deaths along the east coast of the United States . In contrast to the related species Pfiesteria piscicida , P. shumwayae has a less complex life cycle. The species was named after Sandra E. Shumway, the founder of Harmful Algae magazine.
Toxicity
Although poisonous strains of Pfiesteria shumwayae have been blamed for fish deaths, the ability to release poison has been controversial. A study published in 2002 found that P. shumwayae kills fish not through poison, but through direct contact through micropredation . The unicellular cells eat individual skin cells through myzoocytosis , with the fish dying from the sum of these tiny wounds. The detectability of poison appears to depend on the strains and analytical methods used. The poison produced by a poisonous strain can cause neural damage in rats.
distribution
Pfiesteria is widespread around the world and is typically found in estuaries and coastal waters. The organisms are harmless as long as they do not appear en masse as algal blooms , because only in high concentrations do the unicellular organisms become harmful through their micropredation and poison production. Mass occurrences of P. shumwayae , for example, were observed in Taskinas Creek , a tributary of the York River in Virginia in March 2005.
proof
- ^ R. Wayne Litaker, Karen A. Steidinger, Patrice L. Mason, et al. (2005) The reclassification of Pfiesteria shumwayae (Dinophyceae): Pseudopfiesteria , gen. Nov. Journal of Phycology, vol. 41, eat. 3, 643-651. DOI | 10.1111 / j.1529-8817.2005.00075.x
- ↑ NC State News Release, March 10, 2000: NC State Scientists Confirm Second Toxic Pfiesteria Species, Archived Copy ( Memento of the original from March 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB (2001). Species of the toxic Pfiesteria complex, and the importance of functional type in data interpretation , Environ Health Perspect ., Vol. 109, suppl. 5, 667-679, doi = 10.2307 / 3454912
- ^ Miller TR, Belas R (2003). Pfiesteria piscicida, P. shumwayae, and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates . Res. Microbiol., Vol. 154, eat. 2, 85-90. doi = 10.1016 / S0923-2508 (03) 00027-5
- ↑ Vogelbein WK, Lovko VJ Shields JD (2002). Pfiesteria shumwayae kills fish by micropredation not exotoxin secretion , Nature , vol. 418, eat. 6901, 967-070. doi = 10.1038 / nature01008
- ^ Burkholder JM, Gordon AS, Moeller PD (2005). Demonstration of toxicity to fish and to mammalian cells by Pfiesteria species: comparison of assay methods and strains . PNAS , vol. 102, eat. 9, 3471-3476. doi = 10.1073 / pnas.0500168102
- ^ Duncan PM, Parris B, Schultz S (2005). Behavioral effects and drug vulnerability in rats exposed to Pfiesteria toxin . Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol. 27, iss. 5, 701-710. doi = 10.1016 / j.ntt.2005.06.008
- ↑ Chesapeake Bay Foundation - Save the Bay: High Concentrations of Pfiesteria Underscore Need to Reduce pollution: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Entry in Algaebase: http://www.algaebase.org/speciesdetail.lasso?species_id=131229