Presidential Proclamation
A Presidential Proclamation ( German " presidential proclamation " ) in addition to an implementing regulation ( Executive Order ) and Administration Regulation ( Administrative Orders as Memorandum, Notice, determination, Letter, Message ) is a directive from the President of the United States .
Presidential proclamations have been in existence since 1789. Like executive ordinances, they are numbered and published in the Federal Register since 1936 (previously in the Statutes at Large, Part 2). While executive ordinances are addressed to the administration, presidential proclamations are addressed to the general public. Occasionally, a change between executive ordinance and presidential proclamation can be observed as an instrument of action: For example, President Trump imposed his entry ban in 2017, first by means of an executive ordinance, then by means of a presidential proclamation.
Content Präsidialproklamationen have predominantly ceremonial character ( ceremonial proclamations ; proclamation of anniversaries .. And the like) There are also substantial proclamations ( substantive proclamations ), in particular in the fields of foreign trade and customs , the public dedication of land (eg. National Monuments ) and the pardon . They have legal character when they are authorized by Congress . For example, they can be used to enforce congressional laws by establishing that circumstances abstractly described by the law have actually occurred.
Well-known examples are Washington's proclamation of neutrality in 1793 and Lincoln's proclamation of emancipation in 1862.
Statistical overview
( numbered proclamations only ):
| president | from No. | number | ⌀ / year | Years of office |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | 2038 | 610 | 50.3 | 12.12 |
| Harry S. Truman | 2648 | 357 | 45.9 | 7.78 |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | 3005 | 387 | 48.4 | 8.00 |
| John F. Kennedy | 3392 | 169 | 59.5 | 2.84 |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | 3561 | 331 | 64.0 | 5.17 |
| Richard Nixon | 3892 | 416 | 75.0 | 5.55 |
| Gerald Ford | 4308 | 175 | 71.4 | 2.45 |
| Jimmy Carter | 4483 | 335 | 83.8 | 4.00 |
| Ronald Reagan | 4818 | 1118 | 139.8 | 8.00 |
| George HW Bush | 5936 | 589 | 147.3 | 4.00 |
| Bill Clinton | 6525 | 878 | 109.8 | 8.00 |
| George W. Bush | 7403 | 940 | 117.5 | 8.00 |
| Barack Obama | 8343 | 1227 | 153.4 | 8.00 |
| Donald Trump | 9570 | 122 | 122.0 | 1.00 |
Individual evidence
- ↑ 44 USC § 1505
- ↑ Executive Order 13780 - Protecting the nation from foreign terrorist entry into the United States (2017)
- ↑ Proclamation 9645 - Enhancing vetting capabilities and processes for detecting attempted entry into the United States by terrorists or other public-safety threats (2017)
- ↑ Example: The Aurora v. United States , 11 US 382 (1813), concerns Proclamation - Suspension of prohibition of trade with France (1810)
- ↑ Examples: Field v. Clark , 143 US 649 m. w. N. (1892), concerns Tariff Act, 26 Stat. 567 (1890); JW Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States , 276 US 394 (1928), concerns Proclamation 1698 - Increasing duty on barium dioxide to equalize differences in costs of production , 43 Stat. 1951 (1924)
- ↑ Example: Proclamation 4311 - Granting pardon to Richard Nixon by his successor Gerald Ford (1974)
- ^ American Presidency Project: Presidential Proclamations: Washington – Trump