Wing clams

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Wing clams
Bird clam (Pteria hirundo)

Bird clam ( Pteria hirundo )

Systematics
Sub-stem : Shell molluscs (Conchifera)
Class : Mussels (Bivalvia)
Subclass : Pteriomorphia
Order : Ostreida
Superfamily : Pterioidea
Family : Wing clams
Scientific name
Pteriidae
Gray , 1847

The wing mussels (Pteriidae), also called pearl mussels or bird clams , are a family of mussels and belong to the order Ostreida . The oldest representatives of the wing mussels were found in the Permian deposits and are therefore around 250 to 300 million years old.

features

The almost equally-hinged to strongly uneven-hinged housings of the wing mussels are mostly more or less oblique-rounded or oblique-egg-shaped. The left flap is usually more arched than the right flap. The vertebrae sit near the front end. The dorsal margin is straight and mostly drawn out into long, wing-like appendages ( ears ) at the back and front . Usually the back ear is much longer than the front ear . Below the anterior ear of the right valve is a byssus slit . The cardinal field ( lock ) has a flat triangular ligament pit that is slightly oblique to the rear. The lock itself is toothless or has only a few, short, tooth-like elevations.

The shell can be very thin to extremely thick; the housings are accordingly light to quite heavy. The shell consists of an inner, aragonitic mother-of-pearl layer and an outer calcitic layer, consisting of prisms. The surface of the housing is mostly rather smooth with weak growth stripes or radial lines. However, there are also heavily ornamented forms with scaly concentric lamellae, strong concentric and radial ribs, which can even be thorny. The inside is covered with mother-of-pearl (see usage).

Juvenile animals still have two sphincter muscles, of which the anterior sphincter muscle in the adult animals is greatly reduced or has even completely disappeared; Most species are monomyaric as adults , ie they only have one sphincter muscle.

Geographical distribution and habitat

The winged mussel family lives with many species and genera in warm and tropical seas. They attach themselves to stones or corals with their byssus threads .

Taxonomy

This family group taxon was proposed by John Edward Gray as the Pteriadae family. The name gained widespread recognition. It was overlooked that Georg August Goldfuss had already proposed a taxon of the family group with the tribe Aviculidae, which is based on a younger synonym of Pteria , namely Avicula Bruguière, in 1792. The name was treated as a nomen oblitum (forgotten name) by Bouchet & Rocroi (2007) . Carter et al. (2007) divide the families into two subfamilies, Pteriinae and Dattinae. The World Register of Marine Species assigns six genera with recent species to the Pteriidae family, plus a number of exclusively fossil genera: MolluscaBase has now placed the family in the Ostreida order.

The World Register of Marine Species lists the following synonyms: Aviculidae Goldfuss, 1820, Crenatulinae Gray, 1854, Isognomonidae Woodring, 1925 (1828), Margaritidae Blainville, 1824, Melinidae Meek & Hayden, 1865, Pedalionidae Stephenson, 1923, Pernidae Fleming, 1828 , Reniellidae Iredale, 1939 and Vulsellidae Gray, 1854. Bouchet & Rocroi (2007) recognized Isognomonidae Woodring, 1925, as an independent family; Carter et al. (2007), however, devalued the taxon to the subfamily Isognomoninae and placed it in the family Malleidae Lamarck, 1818.

According to the molecular biological analysis by Tëmkin (2010), the genus Isognomon is the sister taxon of a small monophylum consisting of the genera Vulsella , Electroma , Crenatula and Pinctada within the clade Pteriidae. The latter Monophylum plus Isognomon is in turn the sister taxon of the genus Pteria . The genus Crenatula comes between some species of the genus Electroma , so that either the genus Crenatula has to be synonymous, or the genus Electroma would have to be divided into two genera.

use

Some species of the genus Pinctada are used for pearl cultivation, or mother-of-pearl is also used.

supporting documents

literature

  • Philippe Bouchet & Jean-Pierre Rocroi Rüdiger Bieler Joseph G. Carter Eugene V. Coan: Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families. Malacologia, 52 (2): 1-184, 2010 doi : 10.4002 / 040.052.0201
  • Joseph G. Carter, Cristian R. Altaba, Laurie C. Anderson, Rafael Araujo, Alexander S. Biakov, Arthur E. Bogan, David C. Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Chen Jin-hua, John CW Cope, Graciela Delvene, Henk H Dijkstra, Fang Zong-jie, Ronald N. Gardner, Vera A. Gavrilova, Irina A. Goncharova, Peter J. Harries, Joseph H. Hartman, Michael Hautmann, Walter R. Hoeh, Jorgen Hylleberg, Jiang Bao-yu, Paul Johnston, Lisa Kirkendale, Karl Kleemann, Jens Koppka, Jiří Kříž, Deusana Machado, Nikolaus Malchus, Ana Márquez-Aliaga, Jean-Pierre Masse, Christopher A. McRoberts, Peter U. Middelfart, Simon Mitchell, Lidiya A. Nevesskaja, Sacit Özer , John Pojeta, Jr., Inga V. Polubotko, Jose Maria Pons, Sergey Popov, Teresa Sánchez, André F. Sartori, Robert W. Scott, Irina I. Sey, Javier H. Signorelli, Vladimir V. Silantiev, Peter W. Skelton, Thomas Steuber, J. Bruce Waterhouse, G. Lynn Wingard, Thomas Yancey: A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca). Kansas University Paleontological Contributions, 4: 1-47, Lawrence, Kansas, USA 2011, ISSN  1946-0279 PDF
  • S. Peter Dance, Rudo von Cosel (arrangement of the German edition): The great book of sea shells. 304 p., Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 1977 ISBN 3-8001-7000-0 (p. 230)
  • Rudolf Kilias: Lexicon marine mussels and snails. 2nd edition, 340 p., Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1997 ISBN 3-8001-7332-8 (p. 262)
  • Raymond Cecil Moore (Ed.): Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Mollusca, 6, Bivalvia 1. XXXVIII, 489 pp., New York, 1969 (pp. N302).
  • Fritz Nordsieck : The European sea shells (Bivalvia). From the Arctic Ocean to Cape Verde, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. 256 p., Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1969 (p. 41)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ John Edward Gray: A list of genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15: 129-219, London 1847 Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 199)
  2. ↑ Georg August Goldfuss: Handbook of Zoology. 1st division. In: GH Schubert (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Naturgeschichte for use in lectures. Part 3, Section 1. SI-XLVI, 1-696, Schrag, Nuremberg 1820 Online at Google Books (p. 607).
  3. ↑ a b c MolluscaBase: Pteriidae Gray, 1847
  4. ^ Paleobiology Database: Pteriidae Gray 1847
  5. ↑ Sonia Ros-Franch, Ana Márquez-Aliaga, and Susana E. Damborenea: Comprehensive database on Induan (Lower Triassic) to Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) marine bivalve genera and their paleobiogeographic record. Paleontological Contributions Kansas University, 8: 1-219, 2014 PDF
  6. ↑ Ilya Temkin: Molecular phylogeny of pearl oysters and Their relatives (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Pterioidea). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10 (342): 1-28, 2010 PDF

Web links

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