Quietism

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Quietism (from the Latin quietus “calm”) describes a special form of Christian mysticism , theology and asceticism . It has its roots in the Catholic area, but was from teaching as heresy discarded and Incorrect form of life. In today's common parlance, the term quietism is used to denote a disparaging attitude towards life and mind that defies any ethical challenge through indifference, passivity, resignation or flight from the world.

The core message of theological quietism is that man must first give up his ego completely and surrender it to God in order to then live in complete calm and equanimity . As soon as this state is reached in the inner prayer, in the vision of God , outer ascetic practices tend to be a hindrance. The quietism of prayer therefore rejects oral prayer , the reception of the sacraments and all external religious forms in general, while the quietism of life also rejects the importance of the pursuit of virtue and the fight against sin (asceticism).

Some historians attribute this basic conception to the orthodox hesychasm of Gregorios Palamas . Origins in the ideas of the brothers and sisters of the free spirit and parts of the alumbrados are less controversial . In the 17th century, quietism spread mainly in France, Spain and Italy. Important representatives are u. a. Juan Falconi de Bustamante (1596–1638), François Malaval (1627–1719), Miguel de Molinos and Madame Guyon . The French Archbishop François Fénelon cleared the doctrine of content that spoke out against a moral way of life, and spoke out against a. for a selfless love. The teaching post under Pope Innocent XII. 1699 rejected his statements as semiquietism .

literature

  • Peter Nickl : Quietism, hesychasm. In: Historical Dictionary of Philosophy , Volume 7, Schwabe, Basel 1989, Sp. 1834–1837
  • Christof Wingertszahn: Anton Reiser and the "Michelein". New finds on quietism in the 18th century. Matthias Wehrhahn, Hannover 2002, ISBN 3-932324-59-5 .
  • Mario Bendiscioli: The quietism between heresy and orthodoxy (= Institute for European History Mainz. Lectures. Vol. 36, ISSN  0537-7927 ). Steiner, Wiesbaden 1964.
  • Hartmut Lehmann , Hans-Jürgen Schrader, Heinz Schilling (eds.): Jansenismus, Quietismus, Pietismus (= work on the history of Pietism. Vol. 42). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-525-55826-0 , digitized .
  • Claus Arnold : Hereticization of Spirituality or Persecution of Abuse? “Molinosism” or “Quietism” in the perception of the Holy Office , in: Hubert Wolf (ed.): “True” and “false” holiness: mysticism, power and gender roles in 19th century Catholicism (= writings of the historical college . Colloquia Vol. 90), Oldenbourg, Munich 2013, pp. 59–70.

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