Umlaut

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As back umlaut is defined as the absence of umlaut in the past tense and past participle in weak verbs with an umlaut in the present tense. It is said in the present tense, although it burns (/ e / vice lautetes / a /), in the past tense, but it burned . Jacob Grimm gave this phenomenon the name Rückumlaut because he assumed the following developments:

  1. burn is one of the so-called jan verbs whose infinitives to the early Althochdeutsche on -jan had ended: germ . * brannjan . Since the / i / vocalized / j / also in the past tense and participle regularly caused the root vowel / a / to be changed to / e / (see primary umlaut ), a / e / is to be expected in all forms (and with a large number of weak ones Verbs also actually exist).
  2. But even in the oldest German traditions, the forms are burning - branta . Jacob Grimm concluded that the umlaut after failure of the / i / was eliminated again, and so came up with the name back umlaut for the absence of umlaut in the forms of the past tense and the participle perfect.

Today it is assumed that the / i / sound in the past tense and the inflected forms of the participle of long and polysyllabic verbs, at least in Upper German , was omitted before the umlaut, which is why the expression back umlaut is misleading when viewed diachronically . As a result of dialectal differences and multiple analogies , minor forms with and without umlaut appear in many verbs in Old and Middle High German . The back umlaut affects verbs with the present stem vowel / e / </ a / (primary umlaut) also those with / æ / </ â /, / œ / </ ô /, / üe / </ uo /, which is because of these sounds Umlaut designation, which gradually emerged in Middle High German, is not immediately apparent in earlier texts. In New High German only a few verbs show umlaut ( burn, think, know, name, run, send, turn ).

Backward verbs in Middle High German

Inf. Pres. 1st / 3rd sg. ind. pret. Past participle meaning Remarks
æhten / æhten âhte - 'Outlaw' likewise: through-hitting, ver-hewing
anchor / anchor - anchored / anchored 'Anchor, anchor'
annæmen accepted - ,accept'
antern / boarding anterte - 'Imitate'
approach / value answer / wait answered ‚Answer, take responsibility; to hand over' also: answered
arcwænen / -wânen arc walls garcwânet 'Suspect, suspect'
etching / etching etched set 'Eat, graze, nourish' 
bâren / bæren bârte gebâret / gebæret 'Lay on the stretcher'
give birth / give birth born gebâret 'Behave, bear'
load - born 'Boldly'
name bante - 'Summon to court' also: verbennen
bloom bloom / bluote flowered / blue 'Bloom' also: bloom, bloom
flowers bloomed / bloomed flowered / flowered 'Decorate with flowers' also: flowers
dazzle blante blinded / blanched 'Dazzle, blend in, darken'
to clear enbôrte enbœret / enbôrt 'Raise' also: inherit, give birth
burn brante burned / burned 'Set fire to, devastate'
think dâhd dared ,think'
effen afte / efte geaffet / geeffet 'Make a fool, deceive'
tight / pleasant ancte / engte narrowed 'Narrow, narrow'
upset / annoy - disagreed / disgusted 'Worsen, worsen'
ermen poored - 'Make poor'
for fuorte gefüeret / gefuort ,to lead'
greet greeted greeted / greeted 'Address, greet'
hang hanked gone / hanged Leave hanging; allow; chase after '
Listen heard heard / heard ,Listen'
loins / lenten lende / lante ended / landed ,land; accomplish, finish, return home '
to solve solved set / solved ,to solve'
merwen / merren / marren marte merret / marted Hold, hinder; tie up '
name / name / name nande genemmet / called ,call; exclaim, praise '
pfenden pfante Pfed / Pffed 'Seize; rob, free '
run rante / ran gerant 'Run, ride'
save rat saved / advised ,save'
rue ruomde rumored / rumored 'Boast'
send sands / sante sent / sent ,send; rush'
put / stalls create set / shape ,put; strive, do, accomplish '
drink drank drink / drink ,soak; get drunk; drown'
separate trande separated / trant 'Cut, separate, split'
to comfort comfort comforted / comforted ,to comfort'
wave valte leveled / leveled Drop, fall; prostrate, kill '
vestenen / vesten vaste vested / gevasted ‚Fix, fix; to confirm; arrest'
wænen walls won / won 'Imagine, mean'
bewæren confirmed bewæret / bewârt ,to prove'
turn wante / wande turned / want ‚Touch, turn over; prevent'
cells tents / columns tented / tented ,counting'

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