Umlaut
As back umlaut is defined as the absence of umlaut in the past tense and past participle in weak verbs with an umlaut in the present tense. It is said in the present tense, although it burns (/ e / vice lautetes / a /), in the past tense, but it burned . Jacob Grimm gave this phenomenon the name Rückumlaut because he assumed the following developments:
- burn is one of the so-called jan verbs whose infinitives to the early Althochdeutsche on -jan had ended: germ . * brannjan . Since the / i / vocalized / j / also in the past tense and participle regularly caused the root vowel / a / to be changed to / e / (see primary umlaut ), a / e / is to be expected in all forms (and with a large number of weak ones Verbs also actually exist).
- But even in the oldest German traditions, the forms are burning - branta . Jacob Grimm concluded that the umlaut after failure of the / i / was eliminated again, and so came up with the name back umlaut for the absence of umlaut in the forms of the past tense and the participle perfect.
Today it is assumed that the / i / sound in the past tense and the inflected forms of the participle of long and polysyllabic verbs, at least in Upper German , was omitted before the umlaut, which is why the expression back umlaut is misleading when viewed diachronically . As a result of dialectal differences and multiple analogies , minor forms with and without umlaut appear in many verbs in Old and Middle High German . The back umlaut affects verbs with the present stem vowel / e / </ a / (primary umlaut) also those with / æ / </ â /, / œ / </ ô /, / üe / </ uo /, which is because of these sounds Umlaut designation, which gradually emerged in Middle High German, is not immediately apparent in earlier texts. In New High German only a few verbs show umlaut ( burn, think, know, name, run, send, turn ).
Backward verbs in Middle High German
Inf. Pres. | 1st / 3rd sg. ind. pret. | Past participle | meaning | Remarks |
æhten / æhten | âhte | - | 'Outlaw' | likewise: through-hitting, ver-hewing |
anchor / anchor | - | anchored / anchored | 'Anchor, anchor' | |
annæmen | accepted | - | ,accept' | |
antern / boarding | anterte | - | 'Imitate' | |
approach / value | answer / wait | answered | ‚Answer, take responsibility; to hand over' | also: answered |
arcwænen / -wânen | arc walls | garcwânet | 'Suspect, suspect' | |
etching / etching | etched | set | 'Eat, graze, nourish' | |
bâren / bæren | bârte | gebâret / gebæret | 'Lay on the stretcher' | |
give birth / give birth | born | gebâret | 'Behave, bear' | |
load | - | born | 'Boldly' | |
name | bante | - | 'Summon to court' | also: verbennen |
bloom | bloom / bluote | flowered / blue | 'Bloom' | also: bloom, bloom |
flowers | bloomed / bloomed | flowered / flowered | 'Decorate with flowers' | also: flowers |
dazzle | blante | blinded / blanched | 'Dazzle, blend in, darken' | |
to clear | enbôrte | enbœret / enbôrt | 'Raise' | also: inherit, give birth |
burn | brante | burned / burned | 'Set fire to, devastate' | |
think | dâhd | dared | ,think' | |
effen | afte / efte | geaffet / geeffet | 'Make a fool, deceive' | |
tight / pleasant | ancte / engte | narrowed | 'Narrow, narrow' | |
upset / annoy | - | disagreed / disgusted | 'Worsen, worsen' | |
ermen | poored | - | 'Make poor' | |
for | fuorte | gefüeret / gefuort | ,to lead' | |
greet | greeted | greeted / greeted | 'Address, greet' | |
hang | hanked | gone / hanged | Leave hanging; allow; chase after ' | |
Listen | heard | heard / heard | ,Listen' | |
loins / lenten | lende / lante | ended / landed | ,land; accomplish, finish, return home ' | |
to solve | solved | set / solved | ,to solve' | |
merwen / merren / marren | marte | merret / marted | Hold, hinder; tie up ' | |
name / name / name | nande | genemmet / called | ,call; exclaim, praise ' | |
pfenden | pfante | Pfed / Pffed | 'Seize; rob, free ' | |
run | rante / ran | gerant | 'Run, ride' | |
save | rat | saved / advised | ,save' | |
rue | ruomde | rumored / rumored | 'Boast' | |
send | sands / sante | sent / sent | ,send; rush' | |
put / stalls | create | set / shape | ,put; strive, do, accomplish ' | |
drink | drank | drink / drink | ,soak; get drunk; drown' | |
separate | trande | separated / trant | 'Cut, separate, split' | |
to comfort | comfort | comforted / comforted | ,to comfort' | |
wave | valte | leveled / leveled | Drop, fall; prostrate, kill ' | |
vestenen / vesten | vaste | vested / gevasted | ‚Fix, fix; to confirm; arrest' | |
wænen | walls | won / won | 'Imagine, mean' | |
bewæren | confirmed | bewæret / bewârt | ,to prove' | |
turn | wante / wande | turned / want | ‚Touch, turn over; prevent' | |
cells | tents / columns | tented / tented | ,counting' |
literature
- Wilhelm Schmidt: History of the German language. 7th, ver. Edition. Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-7776-0720-7 .
- Wilhelm Braune, Ingo Reiffenstein et al .: Old High German Grammar I. Phonology and Forms. 15th edition Tübingen 2004, ISBN 3-484-10861-4 , § 356 ff.
- Hermann Paul et al .: Middle High German grammar. 25th edition Tübingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-484-64034-4 , ISBN 978-3-484-64035-1 , § M 86 ff.