Reactive sulfur species

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Reactive sulfur species (RSS) are sulfur compounds which - in analogy to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) - are redox-active .

Chemical background

Like oxygen, sulfur belongs to the group of chalcogens , i.e. elements of group 16 in the periodic table . Elements in this group have six electrons in their valence shell and share many of their chemical properties. This also includes the fact that they can assume different oxidation states. While oxygen can assume oxidation states between −2 and 0, sulfur can assume oxidation states between −2 and +6. This multitude of possible oxidation states of sulfur makes a multitude of compounds with different redox properties possible.

properties

Reactive sulfur species have been defined variously as sulfur-containing species with a high oxidation state that are formed in cells under oxidative stress . Hydrogen sulfide is formed as a reactive sulfur species in inflammatory joint diseases in humans.

However, there are reactive sulfur species that are formed in cells independently of oxidative stress; these include sulfur-containing secondary metabolites from plants, such as allicin from garlic . There are also sulfur-containing compounds that can act as strong reducing agents, similar to how superoxide is a strongly reducing compound in ROS. An example of a reducing RSS is hydrogen sulfide. For this reason, reactive sulfur species should be viewed as redox-active, sulfur-containing compounds which, under physiological conditions, are capable of either oxidizing or reducing biomolecules.

Representative

A distinction is made between radical and non- radical representatives of reactive sulfur species. An important representative of radical RSS is the thiyl radical .

Non-radical RSS are disulfides , sulfenic acids , sulfinic acids and thiosulfinates as well as sulfonic acids and thiosulfonates. They differ in reactivity and biological importance.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Giles GI, Tasker KM, Jacob C (2001): Hypothesis: the role of reactive sulfur species in oxidative stress. In: Free Radic Biol Med 31: 1279-1283.
  2. ↑ PG Winyard, B. Ryan, P. Eggleton, A. Nissim, E. Taylor, ML Lo Faro, T. Burkholz, KE-Szabó Taylor, B. Fox, N. Viner, RC Haigh, N. Benjamin, AM Jones , M. Whiteman: Measurement and meaning of markers of reactive species of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in healthy human subjects and patients with inflammatory joint disease. In: Biochem Soc Trans. (2011), Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 1226-1232. doi : 10.1042 / BST0391226 . PMID 21936794 .
  3. ↑ Gruhlke MCH, Slusarenko AJ (2012): The biology of reactive sulfur species (RSS) . Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 59: 98-107.
  4. ↑ W. picture A. Ciobica, M. Padurariu, V. picture: The interdependence of the reactive species of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. In: J Physiol Biochem. (2013), Volume 69, No. 1, pp. 147–154. doi : 10.1007 / s13105-012-0162-2 , PMID 22456998 .
  5. ^ GI Giles, C. Jacob: Reactive sulfur species: an emerging concept in oxidative stress. In: Biol Chem. (2002), Vol. 383, Nos. 3-4, pp. 375-388. PMID 12033429 .