Relator

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As relators in to linguistics (linguistics) a ratio indicative of speech conjunction and preposition summarized.

Conjunctions are connective words like and , because , though . Prepositions are prepositions such as in , on , after which in many languages with an additional Directorate (Kasusbildung) one of the participating nouns associated. The semantic relations specified in this way can also occur without conjunction or preposition (compare from me and mine or home and home ); many verbs already implicitly contain a relation that does not have to be stated explicitly ( I believe you as opposed to I believe in you ). The linguistic term of the relator can therefore also be understood in a broader sense.

Categorization

Relators can be divided into 11 (summarized 8) semantic groups:

  • Conjunctions
    • Coordinating conjunctions
      • copulative (and)
      • disjunctive (or)
      • adversative (but)
      • causal (because)
    • Subordinating conjunctions
      • adversative (while [on the other hand])
      • temporal (as)
      • modal (by)
  • prepositions
    • local (on, under, over)
    • temporal (during, between)
    • causal (as a result, without prejudice)
    • modal (including, according to)

The semantic relationships expressed in connection with verbs and their complements by relators can be classified as follows, based on Ulrich Engel :


  • locative
    • not indexed / static: where? (The chair is in the house.)
    • allative : where to? (The letter is going to Berlin.)
    • ablative : where from? (The letter comes from Berlin.)
    • preteritive: past what? through where? (The post goes through Berlin.)
  • Classificative
    • not indexed / quantity inclusion 4: who? What? (This book is interesting , the girl's name is Lisa .)
    • allative: what for? (He went from Saul to Paul .)
    • ablative: from what? (He went from Saul to Paul.)
  • Agentive (quasi-active)
    • effective : the complement is created or destroyed (the light goes out .)
    • by mutation: the complement is changed (The flower blooms .)
    • furthermore : the complement is not further influenced (I think .)
  • Affective (quasi-passive)
    • effective (the candle is lit )
    • mutative (I hide the candle.)
    • ferens (I see the candle.)

meaning

The investigation of relators and semantic relations can be important for the creation of semantic networks , thesauri and ontologies .

The specific parts of speech play less of a role, so that when analyzing the linguistic relators, conjunctions, prepositions and verb constructs do not have to be differentiated further.

Copulative and disjunctive links are a secondary order of common sub-terms of a generic term. Strictly speaking, the disjunction between the so-called "exclusive or" (English. Exclusive or , i.e. either one or the other, but not both) and the so-called "non-exclusive or" (English. Inclusive or , i.e. the one, or the other, or both) can be distinguished. The “exclusive or”, like the various adversative relationships, indicates an opposite ( antinomy ). In many cases one and at the same time implies an or . E.g. the statement “There is delicious food and drink here” implies that there is only food or only drink.

The relator classes causal, temporal, modal, local / locative, preteritive, effective, mutative and remote relate to aspects of content. Their modeling in an ontology therefore depends more on the intended use. The distinction between agentive and affective is only of interest in order to clarify the appropriate direction of a relation (usually directed relations start from the active part of a statement). This also applies to the allative and ablative, which emphasize the opposite directions of a single relation.

literature

  • Winfried Ulrich: Dictionary of basic linguistic terms . 5th edition. Borntraeger, 2002.
  • Ulrich Engel: Semantic Relators . In: Nico Weber (ed.): Semantics, lexicography and computer applications. Niemeyer, Tübingen (Language and Information, Vol. 33).