Poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid

Structural formula
General
Surname	Poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid
other names	Cross-linked polystyrene sulfonic acid Cross-linked polystyrene sulfonate
CAS number	39389-20-3 68037-26-3
PubChem	170197
ATC code	V03 AE01
properties
safety instructions
Please note the restricted labeling requirements for drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, food and animal feed GHS labeling of hazardous substances Caution H and P phrases H: 319 P: 305 + 351 + 338
As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid is a chemical compound from the group of polystyrenes . It is a sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (sulfonated crosslinked polystyrene, crosslinked polystyrene sulfonic acid ) that acts as a cation exchanger . It is used, among other things, in industrial ion exchangers, for example for water treatment and medicinally for the treatment of increased serum potassium concentrations ( hyperkalaemia ).

properties

In the case of poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid, the polystyrene sulfonic acid chains are cross-linked with divinylbenzene . This cross-linked form of polystyrene sulfonic acid is practically insoluble in water.

Manufacturing

The starting material is a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer. The sulfonation of phenyl groups of the copolymer is carried out with sulfuric acid :

use

Poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid and its salts are used for ion exchange of cations from solutions.

Water treatment

In water treatment, the H ⁺ form is used for decarbonization or the Na ⁺ form for softening .

Simplified representation of a cation exchanger made from polystyrene sulfonic acid

Brand names are for example Dowex (Dow Chemicals), Amberlite (Rohm and Haas), Purolite (Purolite) and Lewatit (Lanxess).

Treatment of hyperkalemia

The sodium salt or - if sodium is avoided - the calcium salt of poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid (monomer ratio 92: 8) are used medically for hyperkalaemia , i.e. with an increased serum potassium concentration, in order to lower the serum potassium level if the peristalsis is not affected. It can be used orally (as a drink) or rectally (as an enema).

Mechanism of action

The poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid salt causes the exchange of potassium ions in the intestine with sodium or calcium ions. This reduces the concentration of potassium ions in the blood.

unwanted effects

Poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid can lead to nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and constipation (especially when administered orally) or diarrhea. The ingestion of poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid can lead to reduced blood flow to the intestine ( ischemia ) and ulceration. Tissue death ( necrosis ) is also possible.

In the event of an overdose, a reduced potassium and an increased sodium level can occur. A lowered calcium or magnesium level is also possible.

Diseases of the respiratory tract ( bronchitis ) are also possible.

Contraindications and interactions

Poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid must not be used if the serum potassium level is below 5 mmol / l, hypernatraemia , obstructive bowel disease or when administered simultaneously with sorbitol .

Simultaneous administration of poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid with cardiac glycosides , loop or thiazide diuretics , levothyroxine or lithium can lead to interactions.

Finished medicinal products

• Poly (styrene- co -divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid sodium salt: Resonium A (D, A), Kionex (USA), Kayexalate (B, IT, F)
• Poly (styrene- co -divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid calcium salt: Calcium Resonium (D), Sorbisterite (A, CH, NL), Resikali (F).

Slowing down of drug release

In pharmacy, the binding of active ingredients to poly (styrene-co-divinylbenzene) sulfonic acid (polystyrene sulfonate resin) is a method for slowing down ( retarding ) the release of active ingredients from a drug. Basic active ingredients (such as alkaloids such as codeine , morphine or noscapine ) are particularly suitable for loading. The active ingredient cation is exchanged for H ⁺ - in the stomach or Na ⁺ and K ⁺ ions in the intestine during gastrointestinal passage . A change in the physiological electrolyte balance cannot be ruled out with longer treatment periods. There are only a few products on the German market, for example Capval (noscapine-poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonate) or MST extended- release granules (morphine-poly (styrene- co- divinylbenzene) sulfonate). In the US, according to the USAN nomenclature, a drug bound to polystyrene sulfonate resin is identified by adding the name polistirex after the name of the active ingredient.

See also

Poly (styrene sulfonic acid)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Data sheet Dowex ^® 50W X8, hydrogen form, strongly acidic, 200-400 mesh from Sigma-Aldrich , accessed on January 26, 2017 ( PDF ).
2. ↑ P. Akkaramongkolporn, T. Ngawhirunpat, P. Opanasopit: Preparation and evaluation of differently sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer cationic exchange resins as novel carriers for drug delivery. In: AAPS PharmSciTech . Volume 10, number 2, 2009, pp. 641-648, doi : 10.1208 / s12249-009-9259-5 , PMID 19452281 , PMC 2690819 (free full text).
3. ↑ Bernd Tieke: Makromolekulare Chemie , 3rd edition, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2014, p. 211.
4. ↑ External identifiers or database links for sodium poly (styrenesulfonate) : CAS number: 63182-08-1, EC number: 629-390-6, ECHA InfoCard: 100.157.577 , PubChem : 75905 , Wikidata : Q72470249 .
5. ↑ External identifiers or database links for calcium poly (styrenesulfonate) : CAS number: 37286-92-3, EC number: 682-725-8, ECHA InfoCard: 100.208.154 , PubChem : 169893 , DrugBank : DBSALT002567 , Wikidata : Q90682577 .
6. ^ Bernard R. Jones: Pharmacology for Student and Pupil Nurses and Students in Associated Professions . 2nd. Edition. Elsevier, 1978, ISBN 978-1-4831-4131-2 ( limited preview in Google Book Search). v
7. ↑ Ortlepp, Jan R .: Internal acute, emergency and intensive medicine. Schattauer Verlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-794-52985-8 , p. 296.
8. ^ Gerd Roland Luippold: Case book pharmacology. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2005, ISBN 978-3-131-40731-3 , p. 231.
9. ↑ Medice Arzneimittel Pütter , Iserlohn: Instructions for use Anti- Kalium Na , as of December 2018.
10. ↑ ^{a b c} Sanofi-aventis GmbH, Vienna: Specialist information Resonium A , as of June 2018.
11. ↑ ^{a b} R. Voigt: Pharmaceutical technology . 11th edition. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, p. 352.
12. ↑ David B. Troy, Paul Beringer (Eds.): Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy , 21st Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. p. 452.

This article is about a health issue. It is not used for self-diagnosis and does not replace a diagnosis by a doctor. Please note the information on health issues !