Rishon model

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The Rishonen model (also Harari – Shupe preon model ) is the first attempt to develop a preon model that explains phenomena that occur in the standard model of particle physics . It was first developed independently by Haim Harari and Michael A. Shupe , and later expanded by Harari and his student Nathan Seiberg .

The model

In Rishonen model, there are two fundamental fermions , the Rishonen be mentioned. Rishon means "primary" or "original" in Hebrew. These two rishons are the T or Tohu Rishon with a third-digit positive electrical elementary charge + ⅓ e and the V or Vohu Rishon, which is electrically neutral. The names Tohu (unformed, "desolate") and Vohu (Bohu), emptiness, come from the Hebrew Genesis (see Tohuwabohu ).

All leptons and all quarks are made up of three rishons. These groups of triplets have spin -½. There are the following combinations:

  • TTT = positron (anti-electron);
  • VVV = electron neutrino ;
  • TTV, TVT and VTT = Up-Quark (with three colors);
  • TVV, VTV and VVT = Down-Antiquark (with three colors).

For every rishon there is an associated antiparticle . It follows from this:

  • TTT = electron ;
  • VVV = electron antineutrino ;
  • TTV , TVT , VTT = Up-Antiquark (with three colors);
  • TVV , VTV , VVT = Down-Quark (with three colors).

No rishons may appear together with anti-irishons.

The W + boson = TTTVVV; The W - boson = TTTVVV .

Baryon number ( B ) and lepton number ( L ) are not preserved, but the size B - L is a conservation size . A process that changes the baryon number (such as proton decay ) in this model would be: u + u →   d   + e + / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ TTV + TTV → TVV + TTT
 

Harari and Nathan Seiberg also investigated a dynamic extension of the original Rishon model with an interaction by the calibration group . C stands for color (degree of color freedom) from the usual quantum chromodynamics and H for hypercolor. Below the confinement scale for hypercolor the usual elementary particles (quarks, leptons, W bosons) of the standard model are composed of rishons (and singlet states with regard to hypercolor) and there is an effective interaction for them (B is the baryon number, L the number of leptons in BL and the suffix R, L in SU (2) denotes chiral (right / left) decomposition). This corresponds to the right-left symmetrical extension of the standard model. The difference between the number of baryons and the number of leptons (BL) is preserved, B and L are not preserved. The introduction of Hypercolor also explains that in the Rishon model only triplets of rishons or anti-rishons occur, but no mixtures, since each rishon is assigned one of three Hypercolor colors (and the anti-rishons an anti-Hypercolor color) and the resulting composite particles are neutral in color below the confinement scale.

According to Harari, the weak interaction is possibly a residual interaction effect of the Hypercolor force, similar to molecular forces in electrodynamics or the strong interaction in quantum chromodynamics. The boson of the electroweak interaction could then result as TTTVVV.

In the expanded Harari-Seiberg version, the rishons have color and hypercolor, which explains how the observed quarks and leptons can be put together. Under certain assumptions it is possible to show that the model allows exactly three generations of quarks and leptons. In an alternative rishon model by Darvas and Farkas, additional properties ( smells ) were introduced.

evidence

At the moment there is no scientifically proven evidence for the existence of a substructure within quarks and leptons. But there are no deep-seated reasons that would rule out such a substructure at smaller distances. In 2008 Piotr Zenczykowski derived the Rishonen model from a non-relativistic O (6) phase space . Such a model is based on fundamental principles and structures of Clifford algebra and creates the Rishon model with a natural explanation for otherwise obscure and artificial properties. Friedrich Bestereiner argues that the small number of building blocks in comparison with the standard model suggests the Rishon model or something similar.

In popular culture

  • In his novel The Children of Alpha Centauri, science fiction author James P. Hogan explicitly postulates a rishon-like model in the development of antimatter weapons and energy sources.

swell

  1. ^ H. Harari: A schematic model of quarks and leptons . In: Physics Letters B . 86, No. 1, 1979, pp. 83-86. bibcode : 1979PhLB ... 86 ... 83H . doi : 10.1016 / 0370-2693 (79) 90626-9 .
  2. ↑ Harari, Nathan Seiberg : The Rishon Model, Nuclear Physics B 204, 1982, p. 141
  3. ^ Harari, The Structure of Quarks and Leptons, Scientific American, Volume 248, April 1983, p. 56
  4. ↑ MA Shupe: A composite model of leptons and quarks . In: Physics Letters B . 86, No. 1, 1979, pp. 87-92. bibcode : 1979PhLB ... 86 ... 87S . doi : 10.1016 / 0370-2693 (79) 90627-0 .
  5. ^ A b Haim Harari, Nathan Seiberg: The Rishon Model . In: Nuclear Physics B . tape 204 , no. 1 , 1982, pp. 141–167 , doi : 10.1016 / 0550-3213 (82) 90426-6 , bibcode : 1982NuPhB.204..141H (English, iaea.org [PDF; accessed March 9, 2020]).
  6. ↑ Gerthsen, Kneser, Vogel: Physics . 16th edition. Springer (p. 686, Section 13.4.9 Quantum Chromodynamics).
  7. ↑ Harari, Seiberg, A dynamical theory for the Rishon model, Phys. Lett. B, Vol. 98, 1981, 269-273
  8. ↑ Darvas, György & F. Farkas, Tamás. (2008). Quantum Scent Dynamics (QSD): A new composite model of physical particles.
  9. ↑ Zenczykowski, P .: The Harari-Shupe preon model and nonrelativistic quantum phase space . In: Physics Letters B . 660, No. 5, 2008, pp. 567-572. arxiv : 0803.0223 . bibcode : 2008PhLB..660..567Z . doi : 10.1016 / j.physletb.2008.01.045 .
  10. ↑ Bestereiner, F .: The fantastic mirror. Quanta, quarks, chaos or the consolation that comes from the formula. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Logo, 1991. P. 197f. ISBN 3-596-10265-0 .
  11. ↑ Star Trek II. The Wrath of Khan. , Heyne Verlag (September 1997), ISBN 978-3-453-30909-8
  12. ↑ Star Trek III: In Search of Mr. Spock , Heyne, Edition: 12 (1996), ISBN 978-3-453-31153-4
  13. ^ The Children of Alpha Centauri , 1983, ISBN 3-442-23437-9 , Voyage From Yesteryear , 1982