Rukūʿ
Rukūʿ , Arabic ركوع 'Bowing, bowing with the upper body', is a posture prescribed by ritual law during prayer in Islam. A bow means: rakʿa (to do) /ركعة.
The Koran prescribes this posture:
“You believers! Bow down (during worship), prostrate (in adoration), serve your Lord and do good! "
Details of this posture in prayer are described in the Sunnah . It experiences certain modifications in ritual law, in the representations of the Islamic schools of law , which, however , are considered permissible by statements of Muhammad . It is permissible to raise your hands to the level of your ears before bowing. However, the takbeer is compulsory. When bowing, the upper body should be brought into a horizontal position with the palms of the hands touching both knees. According to the revelation of the Quranic verse:
"Therefore praise the name of your mighty Lord" "
the prophet is said to have recommended the praise of God . However, it is frowned upon to recite Quranic verses during the rukūʿ. In a report traced back to Ali ibn Abi Talib , which is handed down in the canonical collections of traditions , he is said to have said: "The Messenger of God has forbidden me to recite the Koran during my bowing or prostration".
The number of bows during prayers varies; even violating these precepts determined by the Sunna may invalidate the prayer.
Originally, prayer was limited to two rakʿa. According to a well-known hadith accepted by the schools of law, this number was retained in prayer performed while traveling (aṣ-ṣalāt fī ʾs-safar; ṣalāt al-musāfir): “God has prayer when he ordered it, both Limited to two rakʿa each for residents and travelers. The prayer while traveling was left as it is, the prayer for residents was increased. "
The Koran also legitimizes the abbreviation of prayer while traveling, but only in certain cases, which are described as follows:
“And when you are out in the country, it is not a sin for you to shorten the prayer if you are afraid that those who disbelieve will trouble you (w. Impose a test). The unbelievers are (for once) an outright enemy. "
This prayer, which is offered in a hostile environment, is called in Islamic jurisprudence “the prayer of fear” (ṣalāt al-ḫauf).
Nevertheless, the original form of the prayer, which consists of only two rakʿa, has also been retained in the morning prayer, Friday prayer , furthermore in rain prayer during the drought and in prayer on the occasion of the solar and lunar eclipses. The prayer at the Islamic festival of sacrifice and at the end of the fasting month of Ramadan also consists of two rakʿa, which , like the Friday prayer, must be performed in the community (ṣalāt al-ǧamāʿa).
The extension of the noon, afternoon and night prayers to four and the evening prayer to three rakʿa represents a later development in ritual law. It is discussed in the legal doctrine in the form of hadiths as the traditional Sunnah of the prophet Mohammed.
After the rukūʿ the person praying assumes the straight posture again; he raises his hands and says the words: "God hears those who praise him."
In Islamic ritual law, the importance of the prayer that is said after the last compulsory prayer (ṣalāt al-ʿishāʾ) and before the next morning prayer during the night, including the number of rukūʿ, is disputed , since this prayer - called ṣalāt al-witr - is only outside Quran , handed down in contradicting traditions. The schools of law that have to refer to the hadith material on this question set the number of bowings between one and eleven rakʿa.
This legal uncertainty in determining the number of rakʿa in the prayer ritual is also documented for the reasons outlined above in night prayer, which is only performed during the month of Ramadan in the community in the mosque , accompanied by Quran recitations . This prayer naalāt at-tarāwīḥ (the prayer with recitations of the Koran, which is interrupted by pauses - tarwīḥa, Pl. Tarāwīḥ -) is said to have been performed by the Prophet according to traditional Sunnah with twenty rakʿa. In this case, too, the controversial doctrines of legal scholars can be demonstrated up to the present day.
literature
- Eugen Wednesday : On the genesis of Islamic prayer and cult. Treatises of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. Born in 1913. No. 2 (Philosophical-historical class). Berlin 1913.
- al-mausūʿa al-fiqhiyya . ( Encyclopedia of Islamic Law ). Kuwait 2002. (3rd edition). Vol. 23, pp. 126-135
- The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Brill, suffering. Vol. 8, p. 406
Individual evidence
- ↑ Al-mausūʿa al-fiqhiyya . Kuwait 2002. Vol. 23, p. 132
- ↑ Al-mausūʿa al-fiqhiyya . Kuwait 2002. Vol. 23, p. 133: AJ Wensinck and JP Mensing: Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane. Brill, Leiden 1943. Reprint Tunis / Istanbul 1987. Vol. 2, 300a with information from the canonical hadith collections
- ↑ Eugen Wednesday (1913), p. 18
- ↑ al-Buchārī: aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ; Kitāb aṣ-ṣalāt. Cape. 1. No. 350; Eugen Wednesday (1913), p. 18
- ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Brill, Leiden Vol. 8, p. 934
- ↑ Eugen Wednesday (1913), pp. 19 and 27–30; Al-mausūʿa al-fiqhiyya . Kuwait 2004. Vol. 27, pp. 245-246; 256-257. The references to the extensive hadith material about performing only two bows in prayer can be found in AJ Wensinck and JP Mensing: Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane. Brill, Leiden 1943. Reprint Tunis / Istanbul 1987. Vol. 2, 301-303 compiled
- ↑ Eugen Wednesday (1913), p. 19
- ↑ AJ Wensinck and JH Kramers: Short dictionary of Islam . Brill, Leiden 1941. p. 639
- ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition. Brill, suffering. Vol. 11, p. 213
- ↑ Al-mausūʿa al-fiqhiyya . Kuwait 2004. Vol. 27, pp. 294-295
- ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition. Brill, suffering. Vol. 10, p. 221; see also: Al-mausūʿa al-fiqhiyya . 2nd Edition. Kuwait 2004. Vol. 27, p. 135
- ↑ Al-mausūʿa al-fiqhiyya . Kuwait 2004. Vol. 27, pp. 141-144