Saturniinae
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| Boisduval , 1834 |
The Saturniinae are a subfamily of the peacock moth (Saturniidae). They occur worldwide with about 480 species in 59 genera.
features
The moths are medium to very large. The species of Saturniinae are distinguished from the other subfamilies on the basis of their plumage tufts (rami) on the double-pinnate antennae , which are clearly separated at the base . The wings have conspicuous discal spots and many species are vivid and brightly colored. Most genera also have a characteristic small white, black, or red smudge or eye-spot on the tip of the forewings. In some species, at least the males have long tails on the hind wings, such as in the genera Eudaemonia and Actias .
In many species the caterpillars have a stocky build and are sluggish. Their bodies have prickly appendages (scoli), which are long in some species and receding in others, and have thorns or hairs that can secrete toxic or irritating substances. The scoli are reduced to flat cusps as the caterpillars get older. In contrast to other subfamilies of the peacock moth, they are never branched or elongated.
Occurrence
The main distribution area of the subfamily are the tropics of the Old World . In Europe, nine species are found, seven of which are at home in Central Europe. Some species were important for silk farming in China and Japan. The breeding of butterflies away from the silk moth ( Bombyx mori ) is still important in India today, where species of the genus Antheraea and Samia are bred for silk production. There are about 75 species in 12 genera in the two Americas. Here is the focus of species diversity south of the United States.
Way of life
The adults of many species fold their wings over the body when they are at rest, as do many butterflies. However, there are also species that fully unfold their wings and position them horizontally so that both pairs of wings are clearly visible from above. The females lay their eggs individually or in small groups on leaves or branches. They are stuck on with a brown or reddish secretion. Pupation takes place in almost all species in a dense, silk cocoon that is spun on the food plant. The cocoon often has a spun hatch opening at one end through which the fully developed butterfly hatches.
Systematics
The subfamily is divided into the five tribes Saturniini , Attacini , Bunaeini , Decachordini and Pseudapheliini , of which, however, the last three require confirmation. The Natural History Museum's Global Lepidoptera Names Index lists the following genera of the subfamily:
- Actias Leach , 1815
- Agapema Neumoegen & Dyar , 1894
- Antheraea Huebner , 1819
- Antherina Sonthonnax , 1901
- Antistathmoptera Tams , 1935
- Archaeoattacus Watson , 1914
- Archaeosamia Brechlin , 2007
- Argema Wallengren , 1858
- Athletes Karsch , 1896
- Attacus Linnaeus , 1767
- Aurivillius Packard , 1902
- Bunaea Huebner , 1819
- Bunaeopsis Bouvier , 1927
- Caligula Moore , 1862
- Callosamia Packard , 1864
- Calosaturnia Smith , 1886
- Ceranchia Butler , 1878
- Chrysodesmia Röber , 1925
- Cinabra Sonthonnax , 1901
- Cirina Walker , 1855
- Copaxa Walker , 1855
- Coscinocera Butler , 1879
- Cricula Walker , 1855
- Decachorda Aurivillius , 1898
- Eochroa Fields , 1874
- Eosia Le Cerf , 1911
- Epiphora Wallengren , 1860
- Eriogyna Jordan , 1911
- Eudaemonia Huebner , 1819
- Eupackardia Cockerell , 1912
- Gonimbrasia Butler , 1878
- Graellsia Grote , 1896
- Gynanisa Walker , 1855
- Heniocha Huebner , 1819
- Hyalophora Duncan [& Westwood] , 1841
- Imbrasia Huebner , 1819
- Leucopteryx Packard , 1903
- Lobobunaea Packard , 1901
- Loepa Moore , 1860
- Loepantheraea Toxopeus , 1940
- Melanocera Sonthonnax , 1901
- Neodiphthera Fletcher , 1982
- Neoris Moore , 1862
- Opodiphthera Wallengren , 1858
- Parahodia Cockerell , 1914
- Parusta Rothschild , 1907
- Perisomena Walker , 1855
- Protogynanisa Rougeot , 1971
- Pselaphelia Aurivillius , 1904
- Pseudantheraea Weymer , 1892
- Pseudaphelia Kirby , 1892
- Pseudimbrasia Rougeot , 1962
- Pseudobunaea Bouvier , 1927
- Rhodinia Staudinger , 1892
- Rohaniella Bouvier , 1927
- Rothschildia Grote , 1897
- Samia Huebner , 1819
- Night peacock ( Saturnia ) cabinet , 1802
- Sinobirma Bryk , 1944
- Syntherata Maassen , 1873
- Tagoropsis fields , 1874
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e P. M. Tuskes, JP Tuttle, MM Collins: The Wild Silkmoths of North America. A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada . Ed .: George C. Eickwort. 1st edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca / London 1996, ISBN 0-8014-3130-1 , pp. 162 (English).
- ↑ a b c Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 341 (English).
- ↑ a b c Malcolm J. Scoble: The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-854952-0 (English).
- ↑ Saturniinae. Fauna Europaea, accessed December 18, 2011 .
- ↑ Saturniidae. Lepiforum eV, accessed on December 18, 2011 .
- ↑ - Generic Names and their Type-species - Saturniinae ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
literature
- Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 (English).
- PM Tuskes, JP Tuttle, MM Collins: The Wild Silkmoths of North America. A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada . Ed .: George C. Eickwort. 1st edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca / London 1996, ISBN 0-8014-3130-1 (English).
- Malcolm J. Scoble: The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-854952-0 (English).
