Sauschneider
The pig cutter (also known as pig cutter , page cutter and other names) is an almost extinct occupation, whose task was the castration of animals that were used in agriculture as meat suppliers or draft animals . Boars , stallions and bulls in particular were castrated by tying off or severing the vas deferens or by removing the testicles, but also female animals by removing the ovaries. Castrated sows were called "nuns", hence the job title "nunmaker", which has been preserved in the family name Nonnenmacher to this day .
background
The most important reason for “boar tailoring” must be seen as the practice of forest pasture , which was common until the 19th century : In order to prevent the female pigs being driven into the forests from being mated by “wild” boars, the domesticated sows had to be castrated throughout.
Due to their anatomical knowledge, the Sauschneider (illegally) often practiced as human medicine doctors, since medical care, especially for the rural population, was very poor at that time. They came into competition with the wandering surgeons who also benefited from their knowledge. So the grandfather of the famous Doctor Eisenbarth had also worked as a "Särmneider and castrierer".
Lungau Sauschneider
In the Habsburg monarchy , most of the Sauschneider came from Lungau in Salzburg . The Lungauer Sauschneider did their work in all countries of the Hungarian monarchy and in parts of the German Empire. Her skills were valued in Bavaria , Moravia , Saxony , the Palatinate and Hungary . Starting with a certificate from the Moosham Care Court from 1752, records of the Lungau Sauschneider can be found in the Tamsweg market register , the parish archive, the Notelbuch and in the registry of the Tamsweg district court from the middle of the 17th century. The traveling pig tailors had their heyday in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Gaie
Up to 400 Sauschneider used to move out of the Lungau to do their work. So that they didn't get in each other's way, their areas of work were divided into "Gaie". Behind it is the word Gau , as it can also be found in Lungau . It implies that your personal area of work should be as strictly delimited and protected as the Lungau. The Sauschneider inherited or sold their Gai on. A good Gai could offer almost 1000 pigs, up to 200 stallions, 400 bulls and lots of smaller animals for annual labor.
Workwear
Sauschneider's clothing was their calling card. During their business trips, one should recognize their competence and their profession from afar. In addition, the clothing had to provide sufficient protection against biting, rash animals and still not restrict freedom of movement, which is important for castration. In addition, the Sauschneider wore leather pants, later leather gaiters and boots. A work apron in blue protected against dirt.
The Lungau Sauschneider had put a white eagle down on their hat as a clear identification tag, which was sometimes replaced with a turkey down if no original was available. Thanks to this unmistakable trademark, the farmers were able to identify the Sauschneider immediately. The sow cutters rarely had to help out with “drumming” or shouting out to get orders.
Pig tailor authorization
In order to ensure that the animals were castrated as pain-free and complication-free as possible, one had to complete training in order to obtain approval as a pig tailor. This was a prerequisite for a permit as early as 1786. In 1924, the authorities prescribed an apprenticeship with an experienced cattle cutter. The theoretical and practical knowledge from five years of training was queried by the official veterinarian under witnesses and checked in a male and female animal castration. Only then did you become an official cattle cutter.
Austrian cattle tailors association
On January 15, 1922, the "Austrian Cattle Tailoring Association" was founded in St. Michael im Lungau. With this association, the cattle cutters wanted to protect themselves against life-threatening difficulties. Above all, botchers made life difficult for the trained pig tailors. Strict regulations for the training and exercise as well as the enforcement and representation of the interests of the Austrian cattle cutters were the goals. As a great success, the association was able to book the acquisition of legal permission to use local anesthesia as a cattle cutter. After 60 years of existence, the needs for a cattle tailor's association were met for the time being and the association dissolved. The documents and objects are kept in the Lungau Landscape Museum.
Chairman of the cattle tailor association:
- 1922 Joachim Landschützer, Binder, Sankt Margarethen
- 1926 to 1931 Rupert Sampl, Fischer, Sankt Margarethen
- 1931 to 1938 Johann Landschützer, Heinerer, Bruckdorf
- 1939 to 1945 Alpine cattle tailor's association with acting management
- 1946 to 1948 Josef Gruber, Prodinger, Stranach
- 1948 to 1957 Peter Lüftenegger, Schlickwirt, Oberweißburg
- 1957 to 1961 Joachim Landschützer, Binder, Sankt Margarethen
- 1961 Michael Gruber, Staigerwirt, Sankt Michael , until the end of the 1970s
Reception in art
The Viennese traveling doctor and comedian Josef Anton Stranitzky dressed the Hanswurst in the costume of the Lungau Sauschneider in his theater , probably to denigrate the unpleasant competitors. The figure of the Hanswurst and the Lungau costume were so well known in the whole of German-speaking countries that this combination became widespread.
Joseph Haydn composed the piano piece Eight Sauschneider Must Be in 1765 , which is based on the folk song of the same name, popular at the time, a Ständelied by Saumacher. Only one year later, the then ten-year-old Wolfgang Amadé Mozart used parts of the same melody in his Gallimathias musicum .
literature
- Peter Wirnsperger, Wernfried Gappmayer: The Sauschneider: An old, honest Lungau trade . Landscape Museum Mauterndorf, Mauterndorf 1989 (documentation accompanying the special exhibition 1990 "The Lungauer Sauschneider". Series of publications by the Lungau Landscape Museum , Volume 3.)
Web links
- Memories of the Lungau Sauschneider regionalkultur.at
Individual evidence
- ↑ Excursion guide of the State Forestry Office Schorndorf, explanation of the department name Nonnenbühl .
- ^ Lecture "Forest History " by Richard Plochmann at the Forest Science Faculty of the University of Munich
- ^ Michael Graf von Matuschka: Orchotomoi. Human health veterinarians (approx. 1500 - approx. 1680). In: “gelêrter der arzeniê, ouch apotêker”. Contributions to the history of science. Festschrift for the 70th birthday of Willem F. Daems. Edited by Gundolf Keil, Horst Wellm Verlag, Pattensen / Hannover 1982 (= Würzburg medical-historical research, 24), ISBN 3-921456-35-5 , pp. 197-220
- ↑ Eike Pies : I am Doctor Eisenbarth. Road Doctor. Life and work of the famous surgeon. A picture biography . Ariston Verlag, Geneva 1977, p. 18, ISBN 3-7205-1155-3
- ^ Karl Geiringer, Irene Geiringer: Haydn: A Creative Life in Music. University of California Press, 1982, p. 227.