Black corals
| Black corals | ||||||||||
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Black corals ( Antipatharia ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||
| Antipatharia | ||||||||||
| Milne Edwards & Haime , 1857 |
The black corals (Antipatharia), also called small corals because of their prickly, organic skeleton , are a worldwide widespread order of the flower animals (Anthozoa). Mostly they live in tropical seas at depths over 100 meters. Species that live in shallow water usually grow in caves. They always form colonies . Currently, about 235 species are known , which are classified into seven families with over 40 genera.
features
The small polyps , measuring 1 to 1.5 mm in diameter, have six tentacles and feed on tiny planktonic organisms. The colonies are bush-shaped, feather-shaped or fan-shaped, Cirrhipathes spiralis looks like a whip , the end of which is rolled up in a spiral. The related species Cirrhipathes rumphii is the largest species with a height of 6 meters.
The brown or black skeleton consists of a very hard, horn-like, protein-containing substance. In some species, especially that of the genus Antipathes , it is processed into pieces of jewelry . Lately the stocks have been so heavily exploited that they have disappeared in many places. In some countries they are therefore protected.
Living specimens of the genus Leiopathes have been dated to 4265 years prior to Hawaii .
Systematics
After Dennis Opresko's revisions in a number of publications from 2001 to 2006, the order Antipatharia now consists of seven families:
- Order Antipatharia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857
- Family Antipathidae Ehrenberg, 1834
- Genus Antipathes Pallas, 1766
- Genus Allopathes Opresko & Cairns, 1994
- Wire corals genus ( Cirrhipathes de Blainville, 1830)
- Genus Stichopathes Brook, 1889
- Family Aphanipathidae Opresko, 2004
- Subfamily Aphanipathinae Opresko, 2004
- Genus Aphanipathes Brook, 1889
- Genus Pteridopathes Opresko, 2004
- Genus Tetrapathes Opresko, 2004
- Genus Asteriopathes Opresko, 2004
- Genus Phanopathes Opresko, 2004
- Subfamily Acanthopathinae Opresko, 2004
- Genus Acanthopathes Opresko, 2004
- Genus Rhipidipathes Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857
- Genus Distichopathes Opresko, 2004
- Genus Elatopathes Opresko, 2004
- Subfamily Aphanipathinae Opresko, 2004
- Family Cladopathidae Kinoshita, 1910
- Subfamily Cladopathinae Kinoshita, 1910
- Genus Cladopathes Brook, 1889
- Genus Chrysopathes Opresko, 2003
- Genus Trissopathes Opresko, 2003
- Subfamily Hexapathinae Opresko, 2003
- Genus Hexapathes Kinoshita, 1910
- Genus Heliopathes Opresko, 2003
- Subfamily Sibopathinae Opresko, 2003
- Genus Sibopathes van Pesch, 1914
- Subfamily Cladopathinae Kinoshita, 1910
- Haeckel family Leiopathidae, 1896
- Genus Leiopathes Haime, 1849
- Family Myriopathidae Opresko, 2001
- Genus Myriopathes Opresko, 2001
- Genus Cupressopathes Opresko, 2001
- Genus Tanacetipathes Opresko, 2001
- Genus Plumapathes Opresko, 2001
- Genus Antipathella Brook, 1889
- Family Schizopathidae Brook, 1889
- Subfamily Schizopathinae Brook, 1889
- Genus Schizopathes Brook (1889),
- Genus Bathypathes Brook, 1889
- Genus Stauropathes Opresko, 2002
- Genus Abyssopathes Opresko, 2002
- Genus Saropathes Opresko, 2002
- Genus Dendrobathypathes Opresko, 2002
- Subfamily Parantipathinae Opresko, 2002
- Genus Parantipathes Brook, 1889
- Genus Taxipathes Brook, 1889
- Genus Lillipathes Opresko, 2002
- Genus Umbellapathes Opresko, 2005
- Genus Dendropathes Opresko, 2005
- Subfamily Schizopathinae Brook, 1889
- Family Stylopathidae Opresko, 2006
- Genus Stylopathes Opresko, 2006
- Genus Tylopathes Brook, 1889
- Genus Triadopathes Opresko, 2006
- Family Antipathidae Ehrenberg, 1834
Individual evidence
- ^ E. Brendan Roark et al .: Extreme longevity in proteinaceous deep-sea corals. PNAS, Volume 106, 2009, pp. 5204-5208; doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0810875106
literature
- Marymegan Daly, Mercer R. Brugler, Paulyn Cartwright, Allen G. Collin, Michael N. Dawson, Daphne G. Fautin, Scott C. France, Catherine S. McFadden, Dennis M. Opresko, Estefania Rodriguez, Sandra L. Romano, Joel L. Stake: The phylum Cnidaria. A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. In: Zootaxa 1668, 2007, ISSN 1175-5326 , pp. 127-182, abstract (PDF; 406 kB) .
- Gruner, H.-E., Hannemann, H.-J., Hartwich, G., Kilias, R .: Urania Tierreich, Invertebrates 1 (Protozoa to Echiurida) . Urania-Verlag, ISBN 3-332-00501-4
- J. Ch. Delbeek, Julian Sprung: Das Riffaquarium , Volume 2, Dähne Verlag, ISBN 3-921684-45-5
- Hans A. Baensch / Robert A. Patzner: Mergus Sea Water Atlas Volumes 4 + 5, Mergus-Verlag, Melle
- Dennis M. Opresko: Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part I. Establishment of a new family, Myriopathidae. Zoological Mededelingen Leiden, 75: 343-370, 2001 PDF .
- Dennis M. Opresko: Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part II. Schizopathidae . Zoological Mededelingen Leiden, 76: 411-442, 2002 PDF .
- Dennis M. Opresko: Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part III. Cladopathidae . Zoological Mededelingen Leiden, 77: 495-536, 2003 PDF .
- Dennis M. Opresko: Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part IV. Establishment of a new family, Aphanipathidae . Zoological Mededelingen Leiden, 78: 209-240, 2004 PDF .
- Dennis M. Opresko: New genera and species of antipatharian corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the North Pacific. Zoological Mededelingen Leiden, 79: 129-165, 2005 PDF .
- Dennis M. Opresko: Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part V. Establishment of a new family, Stylopathidae. Zoological Mededelingen Leiden, 80 (4): 109-138, 2006 PDF .
