Six kalimāt

In the Sunni- Orthodox Islamic tradition of Pakistan and northern India, the Six Kalimāt (from Arabic كلمة, DMG kalima 'word, speech', plural: kalimāt) six beliefs, the memorization and recitation of which is taught in Pakistani religious schools and counted among the rules of pious behavior in everyday life.

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1. Kalimah Tayyibah ( kalimat aṭ-ṭaiyibah - word of purity)

لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله

Lā ilāha illā -llāh, muḥammadur rasūlu -llāh.

There is no god but Allah (and) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.

2. Kalimah Shahadah ( kalimat ash-shahādah - word of evidence )

أَشْهَدُ أنْ لا إلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَهُ وَأشْهَدُ أنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ

Ašhadu an lā ilāha illā-llāh waḥdahu lā šarīka lahu, wa ašhadu anna muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa rasūluhu.

I testify that there is no god but Allah. He is One, He has no partners, and I testify that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger.

3.Kalimah Tamjeed ( kalimat at-tamjīd - word of majesty)

سُبْحَان اللهِ وَالْحَمْدُلِلّهِ وَلا إِلهَ إِلّااللّهُ وَاللّهُ أكْبَرُ وَلا حَوْلَ وَلاَ قُوَّةَ إِلَظِيَا بِال ل الع العل

Subḥāna-llāhi, wa-l-ḥamdu li-llāhi, wa lā ilāha illā-llāhu, Wa-llāhu akbar, Wa lā ḥawla wa lā quwwata illā bi-llāhi-l-ʿalīyyi-l-ʿaẓīm.

Exalted is Allah, and praise to Allah, and there is no deity but Allah and Allah is the greatest. And there is no power or strength but that of Allah, Most High, Most Great.

4. Kalimah Tawheed ( kalimat at-tawḥīd - word of uniqueness )

لآ اله الا الله وحده لا شريك له له الملك و له الحمد يحى و يميت و هوحی لا يموت ابدا ابدا ذو الجلال والاكرام بيده الخير وهو على كل شی قدیر

Lā ilāha illā-llāhu waḥdahu lā sharīka lahu lahu l-mulku wa lahu l-ḥamdu yuḥyi wa yumītu wa huwa ḥayyu lā yamūtu abadan abadan dhu l-jalālihi l-ʾikrāʾ-l-huwayīr.

(There is) no god but Allah - One is He, He has no partners. His is dominion and his is the praise. He gives life and watches over the natural cycle of life, life on earth ends (death), but infinity is after life. It is infinite and omnipresent. He is majestic and generous. In His hands is (all) good and He is above all (to do his will).

5.Kalimah Istighfar (Word of Forgiveness)

استغفر الله ربى من كل ذنب اذنبته عمدا او خطا سرا او علانية واتوب اليه من الذنب الذی اعلم و من الذنب الذى لآ اعلم انك انت علام الغيوب و ستار العيوب و غفار الذنوب و لا حول ولا قوة الا بالله العلى العظيم

Astaghfiru-llāha Rabbi min kulli dhanbin adnabtuhu'amadan'aw khaṭā'an sirran'aw'alāniyyataw wa atūbu'ilayhi minal dhanbi-lladhī a'lamu wa minal dhanbi-lladhī lā a'lamu innaka'anta'allāmul-ghuyūbi sattārul wa-wa'uyūbi ghaffāru dhunūbi wa wa lā hawla lā quwwata Illā billāhil- ʿAlīyyil-ʿaẓīm.

I seek refuge in Allah my Lord from any sin that I have committed knowingly or unknowingly, secretly or publicly, and I turn to Him away from the sin that I know and away from the sin that I do not White. Verily you, you, the knowledgeable of all hidden things and the observer of mistakes and the forgiver of sins. And there is no power or authority but that of Allah, Most High, Most Great.

6. Kalimah Radde Kufr (Word of Rejection of Unbelief )

اللهم انی اعوذ بك من ان اشرك بك شيئا وانآ اعلم به و استغفرك لما لآ اعلم به تبت عنه و تبرأت من الكفر و الشرك و الكذب و الغيبة و البدعة و النميمة و الفواحش و البهتان و المعاصى كلها و اسلمت و اقول لآ اله الا الله محمد رَّسُوْلُ اللهِؕ

Allāhumma innī aʿūḏu bika min an ušrika bika šayʾaw-wwa-anā aʿlamu bihi wa-staġfiruka limā lā aʿlamu bihi tubtu ʿanhu wa tabarra'tu mina-l-kufri wa-š-širki wa-l-wa-kiḏhbi l-bidʿati wa-nnamīmati wa-l-fawāḥiši wa-l-buhtāni wa-l-maʿāṣī kullihā wa aslamtu wa aqūlu lā ilāha illā-llāhu Muḥammadu-r-rasūlu llāh.

O Allah! I seek protection with you so that I don't put a partner next to you and I know about it. I ask your forgiveness for what I don't know. I repent (ignorance) and I reject unbelief and provide you with partners and tell of falsehood and slander and innovations in religion and stories (hear-tell) and evil deeds and the shame and disobedience, of all of that. I submit to your will and I believe and declare: There is nothing worthy of worship except Allah and Muhammad is His Messenger.

meaning

The six Kalimāt serve for learning and constant awareness of the basic concepts of Islam. Its recitation, at least once a month, is regarded by various Islamic reform currents as a pious work. These include the influential religious organizations of the Jamaat-e-Islami as well as the Barelwī movement and the Dar ul-Ulum Deoband . In the Madaris maintained by the Deobandi, the Koran and the six Kalimas are memorized and explained, lessons in Urdu , Persian , Arabic and English are given, and the basic arithmetic and the basics of geography and history are taught.

Origin of the term and regional expression in northern India after 1890

The term Kalima generally denotes a central belief in Islam, such as the Shahāda . Five kalimāt were taught in north Indian madrasas around the 1890s . Transcriptions in Urdu and Pashto were added to the classic Arabic texts . The fifth kalima , kalima-i istighfar , a prayer for forgiveness, is mentioned as a component of Sufi rituals as early as the 13th century in the work ʻAwārifu-l-maʻārif by Abu Hafs Umar as-Suhrawardi . As part of the curriculum of Pakistani Deobandi Madrasas and part of detailed regulations for a religious imprint of everyday life ( Madani inamat - “Rules of Medina”), the teaching and recitation of all six Kalimāt has only been clearly documented since the 2000s .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Thomas K. Gugler: Modern Standardization and Traditional Piety: The Pakistani Religious Movement Da ʿ wat-e Islami . In: Dietrich Reetz (ed.): Islam in Europe: A portrait of selected Islamic groups and movements . Wassmann, Münster 2010, ISBN 978-3-8309-7381-2 , p. 53–78, here p. 77 ( limited preview in Google book search).
^ Ali Riaz: Faithful education: Madrassahs in South Asia . Rutgers University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8135-4562-2 , pp. 180 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
^ DB MacDonald and L. Gardet: "Kalima", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, CE Bosworth, E. van Donzel, WP Heinrichs. doi : 10.1163 / 1573-3912_islam_COM_0428
^ Demetrius Charles Boulger: Asian Review . Ed .: East India Association and Royal India Pakistan and Ceylon Society. 1894, p. 424 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
↑ 'Umar ibn Muhammad Suhrawardi: The ' Awārifu-l-ma ' Arif, written in the thirteenth century . Government of India central Printing Office, 1891, p. 110 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[Gugler-1] Thomas K. Gugler: Modern Standardization and Traditional Piety: The Pakistani Religious Movement Da ʿ wat-e Islami . In: Dietrich Reetz (ed.): Islam in Europe: A portrait of selected Islamic groups and movements . Wassmann, Münster 2010, ISBN 978-3-8309-7381-2 , p. 53–78, here p. 77 ( limited preview in Google book search).

[2] Ali Riaz: Faithful education: Madrassahs in South Asia . Rutgers University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8135-4562-2 , pp. 180 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

[3] DB MacDonald and L. Gardet: "Kalima", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, CE Bosworth, E. van Donzel, WP Heinrichs. doi : 10.1163 / 1573-3912_islam_COM_0428

[4] Demetrius Charles Boulger: Asian Review . Ed .: East India Association and Royal India Pakistan and Ceylon Society. 1894, p. 424 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[5] 'Umar ibn Muhammad Suhrawardi: The ' Awārifu-l-ma ' Arif, written in the thirteenth century . Government of India central Printing Office, 1891, p. 110 ( limited preview in Google Book search).