Shitokan
Shitōkan ( Japanese 四 等 官 ) referred to the four-level ranking system ( shitō ) of officials ( kan ) in ancient Japan . It was introduced at the beginning of the 8th century as part of the Ritsuryō system in which the administration was redesigned according to the model of the Chinese Tang dynasty .
The system is roughly similar to the career groups of German civil service law, of which there are also four: higher service , upper service , middle service and simple service . In Shitōkan these are kami ( 長官 ) for managerial service, suke ( 次 官 ) for deputy service, jō ( 判官 ) for managerial service and sakan ( 主 典 ) for simple service. The specific office designations in the service groups differ depending on the authority in the Kanji used , i. H. the notation. Their meanings are similar in each case: for kami “master, manage, command, etc.”, for suke “help, support, etc.”, for jō “support, help, serve, etc.” and for sakan “record, write down; to interpret, interpret etc. ”According to the dictionary Wamyō Ruijushō from the 10th century, the Japanese Kun reading is always the same for all spellings within a service group: kami , suke , matsurigotohito and sakan . However, the Sino-Japanese On readings were more common .
Official title
The list essentially follows Hans A. Dettmer, including the translations. In the following list, however, only the title translations of the heads of the authorities are given. H. the kami . Unless otherwise stated, the corresponding suke are translated there as “vice, deputy”, the jō , as “secretary” and the sakan as “ concipist ”.
In addition, only the basic titles are given in the table. Depending on the size of the respective authority, the items from suke can be further subdivided. In these subdivisions, the respective official title is preceded by a 大 dai- / tai- or 少 shō , which then corresponds to “Ober-; First "or" lower; Second "means.
authority | kami | suke | jō | sakan | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kanji | reading | translation | Kanji | reading | Kanji | reading | Kanji | reading | |
Jingi-kan | 伯 | haku | president | 副 | fuku | 祐 | jō | 史 | sakan |
Ministry ( 省 , -shō ) | 卿 | kyō | minister | 輔 | fu | 丞 | jō | 録 | sakan |
Censorate ( 弾 正 台 , Danjōdai ) | 尹 | in | censor | 弼 | hitsu | 忠 | jō | 疏 | sakan |
Directorate ( 職 , -shiki ) | 大夫 | daibu | director | 亮 | suke | 進 | jō | 属 | sakan |
Office ( 寮 , -ryō ) | 頭 | kami | Head of the office | 助 | suke | 允 | jō | 属 | sakan |
Office ( 司 , -fu ); Inspection ( 監 , -gen ) |
正 | kami, shō | Office manager; Head of Inspection |
- | 佑 | jō | 令史 | sakan, ryōshi, reishi | |
Inner Board Office ( 内 膳 司 , Naizen-shi ) |
奉 膳 | buzz | Food service | - | 典膳 | dance | ? | ||
Office ( 署 , -sho ) | 首 | shu | Head of Department | - | - | 令史 | sakan, ryōshi, reishi | ||
Guard ( Eji-fu , Emon-fu , Hyōe-fu ) | 督 | kami | commander | 佐 | sa | 尉 | jō | 志 | sakan |
Inner Waiting Office ( 内侍 司 Naishi no tsukasa ) |
尚 侍 | shōji | Headmistress | 典 侍 | tenji, suke | 掌 侍 | shōji | - | |
General Government ( Dazaifu ) | 帥 | sotsu | Governor General | 貮 | ni | 監 | jō | 典 | sakan |
Provincial Administration ( Kokushi ) | 守 | kami | governor | 介 | suke | 掾 | jō | 目 | sakan |
District Administration ( Gunji ) | 大 領 | tairyō | Chief District Chief | 少 領 | shōryō | 主政 | jō, shusei | 主 帳 | sakan, shucho, fumihito |
Housekeeper ( 家 司 , Keishi ) | 家 令 | karei | Steward | 扶 | fu | 従 | jō | 書吏 | sakan, shori |
Different meanings:
- ↑ Registry
- ↑ Supervisor
- ↑ Adjutant
- ^ Inspector
- ↑ Sub-District Heads
- ↑ clerk
- ↑ Office designer
- ↑ adjunct
Individual evidence
- ^ Hans A. Dettmer: The Yōrō Codex . The commandments. Introduction and translation of the Ryō no gige . Book 1. Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-447-05940-4 , p. 2–3 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ^ A b Hans A. Dettmer: The Yōrō Codex. The commandments. Introduction and translation of the Ryō no gige . Book 1. Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-447-05940-4 , p. 146–148 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ 属 . In: デ ジ タ ル 大 辞 泉 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved August 9, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ a b 令史 . In: デ ジ タ ル 大 辞 泉 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved August 9, 2012 (Japanese).