Shitokan

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Shitōkan ( Japanese 四 等 官 ) referred to the four-level ranking system ( shitō ) of officials ( kan ) in ancient Japan . It was introduced at the beginning of the 8th century as part of the Ritsuryō system in which the administration was redesigned according to the model of the Chinese Tang dynasty .

The system is roughly similar to the career groups of German civil service law, of which there are also four: higher service , upper service , middle service and simple service . In Shitōkan these are kami ( 長官 ) for managerial service, suke ( 次 官 ) for deputy service, ( 判官 ) for managerial service and sakan ( 主 典 ) for simple service. The specific office designations in the service groups differ depending on the authority in the Kanji used , i. H. the notation. Their meanings are similar in each case: for kami “master, manage, command, etc.”, for suke “help, support, etc.”, for “support, help, serve, etc.” and for sakan “record, write down; to interpret, interpret etc. ”According to the dictionary Wamyō Ruijushō from the 10th century, the Japanese Kun reading is always the same for all spellings within a service group: kami , suke , matsurigotohito and sakan . However, the Sino-Japanese On readings were more common .

Official title

The list essentially follows Hans A. Dettmer, including the translations. In the following list, however, only the title translations of the heads of the authorities are given. H. the kami . Unless otherwise stated, the corresponding suke are translated there as “vice, deputy”, the , as “secretary” and the sakan as “ concipist ”.

In addition, only the basic titles are given in the table. Depending on the size of the respective authority, the items from suke can be further subdivided. In these subdivisions, the respective official title is preceded by a dai- / tai- or shō , which then corresponds to “Ober-; First "or" lower; Second "means.

authority kami suke sakan
Kanji reading translation Kanji reading Kanji reading Kanji reading
Jingi-kan haku president fuku sakan
Ministry ( , -shō ) kyō minister fu sakan
Censorate ( 弾 正 台 , Danjōdai ) in censor hitsu sakan
Directorate ( , -shiki ) 大夫 daibu director suke sakan
Office ( , -ryō ) kami Head of the office suke sakan
Office ( , -fu );
Inspection ( , -gen )
kami, shō Office manager;
Head of Inspection
- 令史 sakan, ryōshi, reishi
Inner Board Office
( 内 膳 司 , Naizen-shi )
奉 膳 buzz Food service - 典膳 dance ?
Office ( , -sho ) shu Head of Department - - 令史 sakan, ryōshi, reishi
Guard ( Eji-fu , Emon-fu , Hyōe-fu ) kami commander sa sakan
Inner Waiting Office
( 内侍 司 Naishi no tsukasa )
尚 侍 shōji Headmistress 典 侍 tenji, suke 掌 侍 shōji -
General Government ( Dazaifu ) sotsu Governor General ni sakan
Provincial Administration ( Kokushi ) kami governor suke sakan
District Administration ( Gunji ) 大 領 tairyō Chief District Chief 少 領 shōryō 主政 jō, shusei 主 帳 sakan, shucho, fumihito
Housekeeper ( 家 司 , Keishi ) 家 令 karei Steward fu 書吏 sakan, shori

Different meanings:

  1. Registry
  2. Supervisor
  3. Adjutant
  4. ^ Inspector
  5. Sub-District Heads
  6. clerk
  7. ↑ Office designer
  8. adjunct

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Hans A. Dettmer: The Yōrō Codex . The commandments. Introduction and translation of the Ryō no gige . Book 1. Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-447-05940-4 , p. 2–3 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ^ A b Hans A. Dettmer: The Yōrō Codex. The commandments. Introduction and translation of the Ryō no gige . Book 1. Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-447-05940-4 , p. 146–148 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. . In: デ ジ タ ル 大 辞 泉 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved August 9, 2012 (Japanese).
  4. a b 令史 . In: デ ジ タ ル 大 辞 泉 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved August 9, 2012 (Japanese).