Sports and exercise therapy

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The articles sports and exercise therapy , sports therapy and exercise therapy thematically overlap. Help me to better differentiate or merge the articles (→  instructions ) . To do this, take part in the relevant redundancy discussion . Please remove this module only after the redundancy has been completely processed and do not forget to include the relevant entry on the redundancy discussion page{{ Done | 1 = ~~~~}}to mark. Nadi ( discussion ) 14:01, Feb. 18, 2020 (CET)


Sports and exercise therapy uses the process of body movement to strengthen or improve general wellbeing. In this sense, sports and exercise therapy measures serve to maintain or restore health or support regeneration during or after an illness. The targeted use takes place in medicine, in psychotherapy, in education, in rehabilitation, in geriatrics, in family education or individually in the context of personal life.

Definition of terms

Both the terms listed synonymously and the names of neighboring areas are used inconsistently. Overlapping of content and method, and thus also problems of conceptual delimitation, show up consistently in practice and theory.

Historical aspects

The origins of sports and exercise therapy go back to the 19th century.

Anthroposophical eurythmy therapy, first made public in 1921, is considered an alternative medical procedure .

Basics

Sports and exercise therapy measures aim to activate as many muscle groups as possible per time unit of the measure with moderate stress on the joints and the cardiovascular system. The focus is on promoting stamina and mobility through dynamic-rhythmic movement units, primarily in the aerobic or aerobic-anaerobic area, i.e. with normal to [slightly] increased exercise intensity. Sports such as walking, Nordic walking, jogging, swimming or cycling, as well as gymnastics or dance elements seem to be particularly suitable for appropriate training.

With regard to the use of sports and exercise therapy in the prescribed rehabilitation, the patient's preferences should also be taken into account in terms of participation. The level of exposure is based on the conditions of the target group of a measure.

Another feature of exercise therapy is process orientation as opposed to result orientation. This means that if possible, the trainer's instructions do not focus on a future performance level. Instead, the current performance is used as a measure of well-being. This does not mean that there cannot be an increase in performance from measure to measure. By getting to know a variety of movement sequences, the members of the respective target group also learn that they can actively influence their own well-being with simple means outside of the current measure.

Therapeutic benefit

In the human organism, different systems communicate and act in dynamic, reciprocal dependence: the mental system, the nervous system and the sensory organs, the hormonal system, the immune system, skin, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system . The smallest, independently viable biological units in this structure are the different types of cells in the organism.

Well-being and malaise, health and illness each result from the individual result of the interaction of the systems and their cells. In doing so, the individual person is always dealing with the respective environmental conditions. The question of the therapeutic benefit of sports and exercise therapy measures must therefore always be considered taking into account this individual effect structure and the current state of knowledge. In general, with adapted sports and exercise therapy, a strengthening of the immune system and thus a fundamentally preventive effect can be assumed. The processes through which this happens are being researched, but open questions remain or new questions arise.

With regard to the therapeutic benefits of sports and exercise therapy, a distinction can be made between general and specific benefits. The expected general benefit of exercise and exercise therapy on the human organism is based on three interrelated basic assumptions. Firstly, physical activity is generally thought to have an improving effect on general wellbeing. Second, it is assumed that sports and exercise therapy measures can achieve positive effects through contact with other people or through strengthening self-confidence. Third, sport and exercise can help relax and reduce stress.

Concrete statements about the specific benefit are only possible where this is also examined. For example, traditional methods are also used in the context of sports and exercise therapy, but their effect has not been proven on the basis of evidence.

Sports and exercise therapy measures can have a positive effect on the number and condition of nerve cells. There are indications that sport and exercise can contribute to the formation of new nerve cells [neurogenesis] and to improved cell networking and communication [neuroplasticity, synaptogenesis] via biochemical processes. Also positive effects on the formation of new blood vessels [angiogenesis; Particular attention should be paid to: forms of angiogenesis and use of the term] or on blood flow as a whole are discussed.

Accordingly, the targeted use of sports and exercise therapy measures is carried out in the case of diseases or risks, in the context of which, for example, the death or loss of function of cells or impaired cell communication, disturbed metabolic processes or an impairment of the blood supply are of particular importance: Stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, various psychiatric diseases, metabolic diseases, wound healing processes, various cancers, disorders of the blood circulation. Contrary to previous beliefs regarding physical protection, it is currently assumed [2019] that sports and exercise therapy in rehabilitation should always be started as early as possible, adapted to the clinical picture.

The use of sports and exercise therapy, for example, also appears sensible in the treatment of many somatoform disorders in the context of multimodal therapies.

Sports and exercise therapy offers are becoming increasingly important in the treatment of cancer.

Qualification paths in sports and exercise therapy

There are a variety of qualification paths to be able and allowed to offer sports and exercise therapy. In some cases there are regulations for mutual recognition.

  • Licensing system of the German Olympic Sports Confederation : In particular with regard to the later work in the club or similar, a large part of the qualifications runs through the license system of the DOSB and its member organizations. This license system provides for the paid qualification in at least two stages, firstly the acquisition of the trainer C license, then the acquisition of the trainer B license. Various specialization certificates are issued as part of the B-license, e.g. B. the ÜL-B license "Sport in Prevention" or the ÜL-B license "Sport in Rehabilitation". As this involves comparatively inexpensive qualification measures, taking into account the non-profit status, the term "non-profit" is also used here.
  • College and university degrees : In Germany, 15 universities offer courses in the field of sports and exercise therapy (as of 2020). The names and focuses are different and range from dance and movement therapy to prevention and movement therapy , with a focus on training and health, to sport, adventure and movement . The majority of the courses are offered as full-time courses, a smaller number as distance learning or dual studies . There are both bachelor's and master's degrees.
  • Fitness instructors and alternative practitioners : There are other forms of qualification, especially in the fitness industry. In addition, there are numerous private for-profit providers with different focuses, for example in the field of further training for alternative practitioners.
  • Informal qualification : In addition to formal certification, doing your own sports and self-taught acquiring the necessary knowledge can also lead to the acquisition of necessary and relevant skills in an informal way. Access to the required specialist knowledge has been simplified or partially made possible by digitization.

Integration of sports and exercise therapy in the health system

Sports and exercise therapy can be prescribed or recommended by a doctor. This can happen during or after a specific illness. In this case, the ordinance and the assumption of costs take place with a view to the use of a "supplementary service" within the meaning of Section 64, Paragraph 1, No. 3 and 4 of SGB IX [Social Code, Ninth Book, Rehabilitation and Participation of People with Disabilities] . The aim of the measures is to reintegrate those affected into working life or into society in the long term. The service providers of these measures can be, for example, health insurances as well as pension or accident insurances, which then cover the costs. Providers of the measures must ensure that only suitably qualified persons carry out the measures. Details are currently [2020] regulated by the framework agreement on rehabilitation sport and functional training from 2011, associated or supplementary documents and, if applicable, guidelines from the federal states. If there is no specific illness, a doctor can recommend sports and exercise therapy via the prescription for exercise . This procedure refers to a joint initiative of the German Olympic Sports Confederation, the German Society for Sports Medicine and Prevention and the German Medical Association from 2011. However, the prescription for exercise does not mean that the health insurance company will assume the costs, there is initially no billing option. With the law to strengthen health promotion and prevention [PrävG], which refers in particular to § 20 SGB V [Social Security Code, Book Five, Statutory Health Insurance], the aim is to increase the assumption of costs by the health insurances when using purely preventive measures of sports and exercise therapy .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Valentin Markser, Karl-Jürgen Bär: Introduction . In: Valentin Markser, Karl-Jürgen Bär (Hrsg.): Sports and exercise therapy for mental illnesses. Research status and practical recommendations . Schattauer, Stuttgart 2015, ISBN 978-3-7945-2993-3 , pp. 1-8 .
  2. ^ Arnd Krüger : History of movement therapy, in: Preventive medicine . Heidelberg: Springer Loseblatt Collection 1999, 07.06, 1 - 22.
  3. ↑ Arndt Büssing, Thomas Ostermann, Magdalena Majorek, Peter F Matthiessen: Eurythmy Therapy in clinical studies: a systematic literature review . 2008, doi : 10.1186 / 1472-6882-8-8 ( biomedcentral.com [PDF; accessed November 19, 2019]).
  4. ^ A b Claudia Voelcker-Rehage: Health . In: Ulman Lindenberger, Wolfgang Schneider (Ed.): Developmental Psychology . 7., completely revised. Beltz, Weinheim 2012, ISBN 978-3-621-27768-6 , pp. 719-732 .
  5. ↑ Marco Herbsleb, Christian Puta: Basics of training theory . Research status and practical recommendations. In: Valentin Markser, Karl-Jürgen Bär (Hrsg.): Sports and exercise therapy for mental illnesses . Schattauer, Stuttgart 2015, ISBN 978-3-7945-2993-3 , pp. 36-46 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e Birgit Leibbrand: Sport and exercise in cancer: Which sport? Which patient? In: GMS Oncological Rehabilitation and Social Medicine; 3: Doc06; . 2014, ISSN  2194-2919 , doi : 10.3205 / ORS000014 ( egms.de [accessed December 19, 2019]).
  7. ↑ Christian Thiel, Klaus Pfeifer, Gorden Sudeck: Pacing and perceived exertion in endurance performance in exercise therapy and health sports: A competence-oriented view . In: German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research . tape 48 , no. 1 , March 2018, ISSN  2509-3142 , p. 136–144 , doi : 10.1007 / s12662-017-0489-5 ( springer.com [accessed December 19, 2019]).
  8. ↑ a b Menche, Nicole: Biology, Anatomy, Physiology . 8th edition. Urban - & - Fischer, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-437-26803-8 , pp. 3; 25 .
  9. ^ Christian Schubert, Kurt S. Zänker, Bernd Niggemann, Gerhard Schüßler: Psychoneuroimmunologie . In: Psychosomatic Medicine . 8th edition 2016, unchanged study edition 2018. Elsevier, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-437-21834-7 , p. 65-75 .
  10. ↑ Ulrike Ehlert, Roberto La Marca: Interaction between the environment, psychological characteristics and physiological regulation . In: Psychosomatic Medicine . 8th edition 2016, unchanged study edition 2018. Elsevier, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-437-21834-7 , p. 77-88 .
  11. ↑ Klaus Hurrelmann, Michael Erhart, Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer: Socialization . In: Detlef H.Rost (Hrsg.): Concise dictionary of pedagogical psychology . 4th, revised. and exp. Beltz, Weinheim 2010, ISBN 978-3-621-27690-0 , p. 807 .
  12. ↑ Norbert Thürauf, Johannes Kornhuber: The Influence of Sport and Movement on Neural Connectivity . In: CD Reimers, I. Reuter, B. Tettenborn, A.Broocks, N. Thürauf, G. Knapp (eds.): Therapy and prevention through sport. Volume 2 . 2nd Edition. Neurology, psychiatry / psychosomatics, pain syndromes. Elsevier, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-437-18786-5 , pp. 11-16 .
  13. ^ Arnd Krüger : History of movement therapy, in: Preventive medicine . Heidelberg: Springer Loseblatt Collection 1999, 07.06, 1 - 22.
  14. ^ Frank-Gerald B. Pajonk: Neurobiological and neuroendocrinological findings . In: Valentin Z. Markser, Karl Jürgen Bär (Ed.): Sports and exercise therapy for mental illnesses . Schattauer, Stuttgart 2015, ISBN 978-3-7945-2993-3 , pp. 18-35 .
  15. ^ Angiogenesis | Cell Signaling Technology. Retrieved December 19, 2019 .
  16. ^ DocCheck Medical Services GmbH: Vasculogenesis. Retrieved December 19, 2019 .
  17. ^ Lieb, Klaus, Frauenknecht, Sabine, Brunnhuber, Stefan, Wewetzer, Christoph: Intensive course in psychiatry and psychotherapy . 8th edition. Urban & Fischer in Elsevier, Munich 2016, ISBN 3-437-42528-5 , p. 265 .
  18. ↑ Structure diagram of the trainer. DOSB, accessed on January 6, 2020 .
  19. ↑ § 64 SGB IX Supplementary benefits. Retrieved on January 4, 2020 (according to https://www.vdek.com/vertragartikel/vorsorge-rehabilitation/Reha-Sport.html by December 31, 2017 § 44 Paragraph 1 No. 3 and 4 SGB IX).
  20. ↑ Rehabilitation sports and functional training. December 19, 2019, accessed January 4, 2020 .
  21. ↑ Recipe for exercise. Accessed January 4, 2020 (German).
  22. ↑ The German Olympic Sports Confederation. Retrieved January 4, 2020 .
  23. ^ DGSP • German Society for Sports Medicine and Prevention eV - Recipe for exercise. Retrieved January 4, 2020 .
  24. ^ Prevention Act. Retrieved January 4, 2020 .
  25. ↑ § 20 SGB V Primary prevention and health promotion. Retrieved January 4, 2020 .