State Commissioner
A German State Commissioner is an agent appointed by the state who temporarily (provisionally) heads a supervised body . The appointment of a state commissioner usually presupposes that the supervised body has seriously violated its duties or is no longer able to act. The state commissioner is thus the last means of the state's municipal supervision over the municipalities and districts as well as the state's higher education supervision over the universities.
Weimar Republic
Corresponding cases of Reichsexekution it has in the Weimar Republic to exist, particularly the guided under dubious conditions Prussian coup of 1932 by the Chancellor Franz von Papen also Reichskommissar was for Prussia.
National Socialism
The emergency decree signed by President Paul von Hindenburg after the fire in the Reichstag abolished the basic constitutional rights of personal freedom, freedom of expression, association and assembly. The passing of the Enabling Act on March 23, 1933 by the Reichstag finally paved the way for the dictatorship of the National Socialists .
After the elections on March 5, 1933, the conquest of power in the federal states and municipalities began. In Berlin, for example, SA units and police occupied the district town halls and deposed mayors and city councilors. On March 15, Julius Lippert, the editor-in-chief of an anti-Semitic agitation paper, “The Attack”, was appointed “State Commissioner” with unrestricted powers.
The National Socialists used police violence as an instrument, which in Hesse , for example , was passed on to the National Socialists on March 6th after pressure on the government of Prime Minister Adelung, which initially refused. On March 7th, SA troops occupied the town hall in Mainz. On the same day, police violence went to the State Commissioner for the Police System in Hesse, the lawyer Dr. Werner Best, about.
State commissioners were also used in small towns, for example in Ilmenau in Thuringia, a National Socialist member of the city council instead of the elected mayor.
In May 1933 the Reich government created state commissioners to directly influence the Protestant regional churches. As General Superintendent Otto Dibelius protested against this arbitrary state act. On June 23, 1933, the Ministerialdirektor August Jäger was appointed as State Commissioner for Prussia. He was the head of the church department of the Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs and official administrator for Protestant church affairs in the Reich leadership of the NSDAP . In one of his first official acts, he deposed General Superintendent Dibelius on June 26, 1933 because of his protest against the government.
In July 1933 the Reich government, in consultation with the National Socialist " German Christians ", issued a new constitution for the Reich Church, which resulted in a church election scheduled for July 23, 1933 at short notice. In return, at the instigation of Reich President Hindenburg, Hitler had withdrawn the state commissioners and reversed their measures.
Dibelius was allowed to return to office on July 19, 1933. After the German Christians had won the church election in triumph, Dibelius asked for leave of absence. With reference to the attacks by the DC, he wrote in a letter to the Evangelical Oberkirchenrat on July 26, 1933 : "As a German student, I became a member of the Association of German Students and even during my student days I stood in the fight against Judaism and social democracy ."
In the medical field, departments for health care were set up in the interior ministries of the respective countries. The head of this department was appointed by the NSDAP as "Commissioner for the health system". He had the authority to decide on all questions of public health. The department head or state commissioner, who carried the official title "Ministerialdirektor", was proposed by the interior ministry of the respective country on the basis of the above-mentioned laws and appointed by the Reich governor.
The independence of the German states was also smashed, and the heads of government were replaced by Reich commissioners appointed by Hitler. In particular, the "Second Law for coordination of the countries and the kingdom" April 1, 1933, that after the change of law April 7, 1933 Reichsstatthalter law was called, compounded these developments and made the Reich Commissioners to permanent Reich Governors, where they had the right to To appoint and dismiss members of the state governments and the civil servants of the states as well as state commissioners.
Federal Republic of Germany
To the extent that the federal government exercises supervision over the states (federal supervision), it can, under the conditions of federal compulsion under Article 37 of the Basic Law, appoint a federal commissioner who temporarily exercises the functions of the state government concerned or even the state parliament concerned. This case has not yet occurred in the Federal Republic.
A few years ago, the city of Nuremberg was about to appoint a state commissioner by the government of Middle Franconia due to a budget that could not be approved .
There is a "regular state commissioner" at the Administration and Business Academy in Bavaria.
Individual evidence
- ↑ National Socialist seizure of power in 1933
- ↑ Seizure of power in Hesse in 1933
- ^ Heinrich Arnold: The Bauhaus artist Wilhelm Löber and his Goethe fountain. Technische Universität Ilmenau, 2019, pp. 34–36 on the "degenerate" Goethe fountain (Ilmenau)
- ^ Robert Stupperich: Otto Dibelius. An evangelical bishop in the upheaval of times. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1989, ISBN 3-525-55414-1 , pp. 202-219.
- ^ Health system in NS
- ↑ Gisela Tascher: The development of the health system in the Saar area and Saarland from 1920–1956 as reflected in the power-political conditions. PhD thesis. University of Heidelberg, 2007, DNB 987461605 .
- ^ "State Commissioner" in an academy