Symington Amendment
The Symington Amendment , also Glenn / Symington Amendment or Symington Accord (German: Symington Amendment Act ), is a supplement to the Foreign Assistance Act in the US legal system.
The Symington Amendment of the Carter government of 1976/1977 strictly forbids the US to provide financial or military aid to countries that develop " risky technologies " (nuclear weapons) outside of international controls and applicable treaties. A sanctions catalog was developed from it as a basis for action.
Emergence
The cause of the agreement was based on an article placed in 1958 by the Democratic MP Stuart Symington ( Missouri ) on the question of the survival of the USA after a nuclear weapon attack and thus questioned the defense policy of the then Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower .
application
It was first used in 1979 to regulate Pakistan for its nuclear program. After the outbreak of the war in Afghanistan , some of the sanctions were lifted against assurance that the program would be restricted. Under the Ronald Reagan administration , the addition was supplemented, which nevertheless made it possible to support Pakistan for six years.
With the Pressler Amendment of 1985, an annual certification by the US President became binding, but Pakistan withdrew from this in 1989. As a result, military supplies to the country were restricted from 1990 to 1995 until the Clinton administration resumed them in the course of the fight against terrorism and due to American economic interests. In 2001/2002, Pakistan received around one billion US dollars in military aid from the USA.
North Korea has been sanctioned since 1994 on the basis of the Symington Agreement . All other countries defined as rogue states are also affected .
Israel receives $ 3 billion in economic and military aid annually, although it has been known since Mordechai Vanunu that the country possessed nuclear weapons. Since the US government has not officially established the existence of nuclear weapons, the aid is not officially in contravention of the Symington Amendment.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated September 3, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- The Better Dead then Red American Diplomacy 2004 (English)