Synanthedon
Synanthedon | ||||||||||
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Systematics | ||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||
Synanthedon | ||||||||||
Huebner, [1819] |
Synanthedon is a genus within the family of the glass winged (Sesiidae) in the order of the butterflies (Lepidoptera). The species in the family have in common that theyimitatedefensive hymenoptera ( wasps , bees , ants, etc.)through mimicry . Some species of the genus are considered pests in agriculture and forestry (for example the apple tree glass winged Synanthedon myopaeformis Borkh.).
Surname
“Synanthedon” is a combination of Greek terms: “σύν” has the meaning “with”, while “ανθεδων” indicates the place where “flowers” (“with flowers”). Many of the species names with the ending -formis refer to the hymenoptera species that are imitated, while other names refer to the host plant (castanevora) or allude to the distribution of the species (caucasica, colchidensis).
features
The most striking features of the predominantly diurnal moths are their mostly transparent wings, on which usually only the wing veins and edges are scaled and their external appearance is very similar to that of hymenoptera . This is due to the fact that, in addition to the transparent wings, they have a wasp or bee-like , mostly yellow stripe color . This mimicry protects them from predators who keep their distance from the supposedly dangerous animals. Often there are also similarities to other species that operate mimicry, such as the species of the genus Pyropteron .
The caterpillars of the glass winged birds are brightly colored and usually have a dark head and are reminiscent of beetle larvae in their appearance . They live and drill in the branches, stems or roots of plants. They often go through a long, perennial larval stage.
distribution
The glass winged birds are native to all continents with the exception of Antarctica , but the main area of distribution is in the tropics .
species
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Snowball glass-winged (Synanthedon andrenaeformis) (Laspeyres, 1801)
- Synanthedon andrenaeformis andrenaeformis (Laspeyres, 1801)
- Synanthedon andrenaeformis tenuicingulata Špatenka, 1997
- Synanthedon bicingulata (Staudinger, 1887)
- Synanthedon castanevora Yang & Wang, 1989
- Synanthedon caucasica Gorbunov, 1986
- Synanthedon cephiformis (Ochsenheimer, 1808)
- Synanthedon cerskisi Gorbunov, 1994
- Synanthedon codeti (Oberthür, 1881)
- Synanthedon colchidensis Špatenka & Gorbunov, 1992
- Thick-headed fly glass-winged (Synanthedon conopiformis) (Esper, 1782)
- Synanthedon cruciati Bettag & Bläsius, 2002
- Small birch glass-winged bird (Synanthedon culiciformis) (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Synanthedon esperi Špatenka & Arita, 1992
- Synanthedon flaviventris (Staudinger, 1883)
- Willow-glass-winged (Synanthedon formicaeformis) (Esper, 1783)
- Synanthedon fukuzumii Špatenka & Arita, 1992
- Synanthedon geranii Kallies, 1997
- Synanthedon haitangvora Yang, 1977
- Synanthedon hector (Butler, 1878)
- Synanthedon heilongjiangana Zhang, 1987 (noun nudum)
- Synanthedon hippophae Xu, 1997
- Synanthedon hongye Yang, 1977
- Synanthedon loranthi (Králícek, 1966)
- Synanthedon martjanovi Sheljuzhko, 1918
- Synanthedon melliniformis (Laspeyres, 1801)
- Synanthedon mesiaeformis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846)
- Synanthedon moupinicola beach, 1925
- Synanthedon multitarsus Špatenka & Arita, 1992
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Apple-tree glass-winged wing (Synanthedon myopaeformis) (Borkhausen, 1789)
- Synanthedon myopaeformis myopaeformis (Borkhausen, 1789)
- Synanthedon myopaeformis typhiaeformis (Borkhausen, 1789)
- Synanthedon myopaeformis cruentata (Mann, 1859)
- Synanthedon myopaeformis graeca (Staudinger, 1871)
- Synanthedon myopaeformis luctuosa (Lederer, 1853)
- Synanthedon pamphyla Kallies, 2003
- Synanthedon pipiziformis (Lederer, 1855)
- Synanthedon polaris (Staudinger, 1877)
- Synanthedon producta (Matsumura, 1931)
- Synanthedon pseudoscoliaeformis Špatenka & Arita, 1992
- Synanthedon quercus (Matsumura, 1911)
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Synanthedon scoliaeformis (Borkhausen, 1789)
- Synanthedon scoliaeformis scoliaeformis (Borkhausen, 1789)
- Synanthedon scoliaeformis japonica Špatenka & Arita, 1992
- Synanthedon serica (Alpheraky, 1882)
- Synanthedon sodalis Püngeler, 1912
- Honeysuckle Glasswings (Synanthedon soffneri) Špatenka, 1983
- Synanthedon spatenkai Gorbunov, 1991
- Alder glass-winged winged (Synanthedon spheciformis) ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
- Spuler's Glasflügler (Synanthedon spuleri) (Fuchs, 1908)
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Alder buckthorn (Synanthedon stomoxiformis) (Huebner, 1790)
- Synanthedon stomoxiformis stomoxiformis (Huebner, 1790)
- Synanthedon stomoxiformis riefenstahli Špatenka, 1997
- Synanthedon stomoxiformis amasina (Staudinger, 1856)
- Synanthedon stomoxiformis levantina de Freina & Lingenhöle, 2000
- Synanthedon syriaca Špatenka, 2001
- Synanthedon rubiana Kallies, Petersen & Riefenstahl, 1998
- Synanthedon talischensis (Bartel, 1906)
- Synanthedon tenuis (Butler, 1878)
- Synanthedon theryi Le Cerf, 1916
- Currant glass-winged winged bird (Synanthedon tipuliformis) (Clerck, 1759)
- Synanthedon tosevskii Špatenka, 1987
- Synanthedon ulmicola Yang & Wang, 1989
- Synanthedon unocingulata Bartel, 1912
- Synanthedon uralensis (Bartel, 1906)
- Synanthedon velox (Fixsen, 1887)
- Wasp glass-winged (Synanthedon vespiformis) (Linnaeus, 1761)
- Synanthedon yanoi Špatenka & Arita, 1992
- Synanthedon acerni (Clemens, 1860)
- Synanthedon acerrubri Engelhardt, 1925
- Synanthedon albicornis (Edwards, 1881)
- Synanthedon alleri (Engelhardt, 1946)
- Synanthedon arctica (Beutenmüller, 1900)
- Synanthedon arizonensis (Beutenmüller, 1916)
- Synanthedon arkansasensis Duckworth & Eichlin, 1973
- Synanthedon bibionipennis (Boisduval, 1869)
- Synanthedon bolteri (Edwards, 1883)
- Synanthedon canadensis Duckworth & Eichlin, 1973
- Synanthedon castaneae (Busck, 1913)
- Synanthedon chrysidipennis (Boisduval, 1869)
- Synanthedon decipiens (Edwards, 1881)
- Synanthedon dominicki Duckworth & Eichlin, 1973
- Synanthedon exitiosa (Say, 1823)
- Synanthedon fatifera Hodges, 1963
- Synanthedon fulvipes (Harris, 1839)
- Synanthedon geliformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon helenis (Engelhardt, 1946)
- Synanthedon kathyae Duckworth & Eichlin, 1977
- Synanthedon mellinipennis (Boisduval, 1836)
- Synanthedon novaroensis (Edwards, 1881: 199)
- Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson, 1868)
- Synanthedon pini (Kellicott, 1881)
- Synanthedon polygoni (Edwards, 1881)
- Synanthedon proxima (Edwards, 1881)
- Synanthedon pyri (Harris, 1830)
- Synanthedon refulgens (Edwards, 1881)
- Synanthedon resplendens (Edwards, 1881)
- Synanthedon rhododendri (Beutenmüller, 1909)
- Synanthedon richardsi (Engelhardt, 1946)
- Synanthedon rileyana (Edwards, 1881)
- Synanthedon rubrofascia (Edwards, 1881)
- Synanthedon sapygaeformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon saxifragae (Edwards, 1881)
- Synanthedon scitula (Harris, 1839)
- Synanthedon sequoiae (Edwards, 1881)
- Synanthedon sigmoidea (Beutenmüller, 1897)
- Synanthedon viburni Engelhardt, 1925
- Synanthedon aequalis (Walker, [1865])
- Synanthedon apicalis (Walker, [1865])
- Synanthedon bosqi Koehler, 1941
- Synanthedon caeruleifascia (Rothschild, 1911)
- Synanthedon cardinalis (steam, 1930)
- Synanthedon caternaulti beach, 1925
- Synanthedon cerceriformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon ceres (Druce, 1883)
- Synanthedon cubana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1866)
- Synanthedon dasyproctos (Zukowsky, 1936b)
- Synanthedon drucei Heppner & Duckworth, 1981
- Synanthedon flavostigma Zukowsky, 1936
- Synanthedon glyptaeformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1775)
- Synanthedon halmyris (Druce, 1889)
- Synanthedon hela (Druce, 1889)
- Synanthedon hemigymna Zukowsky, 1936
- Synanthedon hermione (Druce, 1889)
- Synanthedon hippolyte (Druce, 1889)
- Synanthedon laticincta (Burmeister, 1878)
- Synanthedon lecerfi Heppner & Duckworth, 1981
- Synanthedon lemoulti Le Cerf, 1917
- Synanthedon mardia (Druce, 1892)
- Synanthedon martenii Zukowsky, 1936
- Synanthedon modesta (Butler, 1874)
- Synanthedon myrmosaepennis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon nannion Bryk, 1953
- Synanthedon neotropica Heppner & Duckworth, 1981
- Synanthedon opiiformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon peltastiformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon peruviana (Rothschild, 1911)
- Synanthedon plagiophleps Zukowsky, 1936
- Synanthedon proserpina (Druce, 1883)
- Synanthedon pulchripennis (Walker, [1865])
- Synanthedon romani Bryk, 1953
- Synanthedon rhyssaeformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon santanna (Kaye, 1925)
- Synanthedon scarabitis (Meyrick, 1921)
- Synanthedon sciophilaeformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon scythropa Zukowsky, 1936
- Synanthedon sellustiformis (Druce, 1883)
- Synanthedon tetranoma (Meyrick, 1932)
- Synanthedon tryphoniformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon ventralis (Druce, 1911)
- Synanthedon xanthonympha (Meyrick, 1921)
- Synanthedon aericincta (Meyrick, 1928)
- Synanthedon africana (Le Cerf, 1917)
- Synanthedon alenica (Strand, [1913])
- Synanthedon astyarcha (Meyrick, 1930)
- Synanthedon aulograpta (Meyrick, 1934)
- Synanthedon auripes (Hampson, 1910a)
- Synanthedon beutenmuelleri Heppner & Duckworth, 1981
- Synanthedon bifenestrata Gaede, 1929
- Synanthedon chlorothyris (Meyrick, 1935)
- Synanthedon chrysonympha (Meyrick, 1932)
- Synanthedon citrura (Meyrick, 1927)
- Synanthedon cyanescens (Hampson, 1910)
- Synanthedon cyanospira (Meyrick, 1928)
- Synanthedon dasysceles Bradley, 1968
- Synanthedon dybowskii (Le Cerf, 1917)
- Synanthedon erythrogama (Meyrick, 1934)
- Synanthedon erythromma Hampson, 1919
- Synanthedon ethiopica (Hampson, 1919)
- Synanthedon exochiformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon ferox (Meyrick, 1929)
- Synanthedon flavipalpis (Hampson, 1910)
- Synanthedon flavipectus (Hampson, 1910)
- Synanthedon gabuna (Beutenmüller, 1899)
- Synanthedon gracilis (Hampson, 1910)
- Synanthedon guineabia (Strand, [1913])
- Synanthedon hadassa (Meyrick, 1932)
- Synanthedon iris Le Cerf, 1916
- Synanthedon leptomorpha (Meyrick, 1931)
- Synanthedon leptosceles Bradley, 1968
- Synanthedon leucogaster (Hampson, 1919)
- Synanthedon maculiventris Le Cerf, 1916
- Synanthedon mercatrix (Meyrick, 1931)
- Synanthedon mesochoriformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon monogama (Meyrick, 1932)
- Synanthedon monozona (Hampson, 1910)
- Synanthedon nuba (Beutenmüller, 1899)
- Synanthedon nyanga (Beutenmüller, 1899)
- Synanthedon olenda (Beutenmüller, 1899)
- Synanthedon pauper (Le Cerf, 1916)
- Synanthedon peltata (Meyrick, 1932)
- Synanthedon phaedrostoma (Meyrick, 1934)
- Synanthedon platyuriformis (Walker, 1856)
- Synanthedon pyrethra (Hampson, 1910)
- Synanthedon rhodia (Druce, 1899)
- Synanthedon rubripalpis (Meyrick, 1932)
- Synanthedon rubripicta Hampson, 1919
- Synanthedon squamata (Gaede, 1929)
- Synanthedon stenothyris (Meyrick, 1933)
- Synanthedon trithyris (Meyrick, 1926)
- Synanthedon xanthopyga (Aurivillius, 1905)
- Synanthedon anisozona (Meyrick, 1918)
- Synanthedon aurania (Druce, 1899)
- Synanthedon auriplena (Walker, [1865])
- Synanthedon auritincta (Wileman & South, 1918)
- Synanthedon bellatula Wang & Yang, 2002
- Synanthedon calamis (Druce, 1899)
- Synanthedon catalina Meyrick, 1926
- Synanthedon cerulipes (Hampson, 1900)
- Synanthedon chalybea (Walker, 1862)
- Synanthedon cinnamomumvora Wang & Yang, 2002
- Synanthedon cirrhozona Diakonoff, [1968]
- Synanthedon clavicornis (Walker, [1865])
- Synanthedon concavifascia Le Cerf, 1916
- Synanthedon flavicaudata (Moore, 1887)
- Synanthedon flavicincta (Hampson, [1893])
- Synanthedon flavipalpus (Hampson, [1893])
- Synanthedon howqua (Moore, 1877)
- Synanthedon hunanensis Xu & Liu, 1992
- Synanthedon ignifera (Hampson, [1893])
- Synanthedon javana Le Cerf, 1916
- Synanthedon kunmingensis Yang & Wang, 1989
- Synanthedon laticivora (Meyrick, 1927)
- Synanthedon menglaensis Yang & Wang, 1989
- Synanthedon minplebia Wang & Yang, 2002
- Synanthedon moganensis Yang & Wang, 1992
- Synanthedon mushana (Matsumura, 1931)
- Synanthedon nautica (Meyrick, 1932)
- Synanthedon orientalis Heppner & Duckworth, 1981
- Synanthedon pensilis (Swinhoe, 1892)
- Synanthedon phasiaeformis (Felder, 1861)
- Synanthedon pyrodisca (Hampson, 1910)
- Synanthedon rhodothictis (Meyrick, 1918)
- Synanthedon sassafras Xu, 1997
- Synanthedon simois (Druce, 1899)
- Synanthedon sphenodes Diakonoff, [1968]
- Synanthedon subaurata Le Cerf, 1916b
- Synanthedon tenuiventris Le Cerf, 1916
- Synanthedon uranauges (Meyrick, 1926)
- Synanthedon versicolor Le Cerf, 1916
- Synanthedon xanthosoma (Hampson, [1893])
- Synanthedon xanthozonata (Hampson, 1895)
- Synanthedon cupreifascia (Miskin, 1892)
Individual evidence
literature
- Z. Lastuvka, A. Lastuvka: The Sesiidae of Europe. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2001, ISBN 87-88757-52-8 .
- F. Pühringer, A. Kallies: Provisional check list of the Sesiidae of the world (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia) (= communications of the Entomological Working Group Salzkammergut. 4). 2004, ISBN 3-901564-03-9 , pp. 1-85 ( sesiidae.net PDF).
Web links
- Franz Pühringer: Sesiidae
- Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa. (English)
- Synanthedon vespiformis. at lepiforum.de
- Synanthedon cephiformis. at lepidoptera.eu