Tatar alphabet

The Tatar alphabet refers to the alphabet used to write the Tatar language in a specific time or region .

Historically and currently used alphabets

• Until 1920, Tatar was mainly written in alphabets from the Arabic script , namely until 1920 in İske imlâ , then in Russia until 1927 in Yaña imlâ ("New Alphabet"). In this, vowels are written with basic letters instead of additional characters, so it is an alphabet in the narrower sense (and not an Abdschad ). The subscript Alif plays a special role to mark “front” and “back” vowels in connection with the vowel harmony of Tatar.
  In China , Tatar is still written with Arabic characters today.
• From 1927 to 1939 the Tatar language was written in Jaꞑalif , a variant of the Latin script developed parallel to the Turkish alphabet at the Turkology Congress in Baku in 1926.
• After Nikolai Iwanowitsch Ilminski had developed a Cyrillic script for Tatar as part of his efforts to promote a mission of Orthodox Christianity , Tatar was again written in Cyrillic letters by order of Stalin , but in a newly developed alphabet.
• In 1999 a new Latin alphabet was designed and was used at times alongside the Cyrillic one. This uses the characters of the modern Turkish Latin alphabet, but retained the characters Ə / ə (similar to the current Azerbaijani alphabet ) and Ꞑ / ꞑ from the Jaꞑalif, as well as Ɵ / ɵ instead of Turkish Ö / ö for the sounds that do not occur there .
• By 2012, the Latin alphabet was revised by replacing the three pairs of letters not contained in the Turkish alphabet with the pairs of letters Ä / ä, Ñ / ñ and Ö / ö that are also used in several other European languages ​​(and therefore more present in common computer fonts). This alphabet may also be officially used alongside the current Cyrillic alphabet, according to a law published in December 2012.

Cyrillic version

The current official Cyrillic Tatar alphabet contains the following 39 letters :

А а	Ә ә	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Ё ё
Ж ж	Җ җ	З з	И и	Й й	К к	Л л	М м
Н н	Ң ң	О о	Ө ө	П п	Р р	С с	Т т
У у	Ү ү	Ф ф	Х х	Һ һ	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш
Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы	Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я

Latin version

The current official Latin Tatar alphabet contains the following 34 letters :

A a	Ä Ä	B b	C c	Ç ç	D d	E e	F f
G g	Ğ ğ	H h	I ı	İ i	J j	K k	Q q
L l	M m	N n	Ñ ​​ñ	O o	Ö ö	P p	R r
S s	Ş ş	T t	U u	Ü ü	V v	W w	X x
Y y	Z z

Comparison table

Cyrillic		Arabic		Latin
Cyrillic (around 1939)	Ilminski - Alphabet (19th century.)	İske imlâ (before 1920)	Yaña imlâ (1920–1927) Arabic (2012)	Jaꞑalif (1927–1939)	Latin (1999)	Latin (2012)
А а	А а	ا, آ	ا	A a	A a	A a
Ә ә	Ӓ ӓ	ا, ه	ه	Ə ə	Ə ə	Ä Ä
Б б	Б б	ب	ب	B ʙ	B b	B b
В в	В в	ۋ	ۋ	V v	V v	V v
-	-	و	و	-	W w	W w
Г г	Г г	گ	ﮒ	G g	G g	G g
-	-	ع, غ	ع	Ƣ ƣ	Ğ ğ	Ğ ğ
Д д	Д д	د	ﺩ	D d	D d	D d
Е е	Е е	ي	ئ	E e (each each)	E e (Ye ye)	E e
Ё ё	Ё ё	يو	يؤ	Yo yo	Yo yo	Yo yo
Ж ж	Ж ж	ﮋ	ﮋ	Ƶ ƶ	J j	J j
Җ җ	Ж ж	ج	ﺝ	Ç ç	C c	C c
З з	З з	ز	ﺯ	Z z	Z z	Z z
И и	И и	ي	ي	I i	İ i	İ i
Й й	Й й	ي	ي	J j	Y y	Y y
К к	К к	ك	ک	K k	K k	K k
-	-	ق	ق	Q q	Q q	Q q
Л л	Л л	ل	ل	L l	L l	L l
М м	М м	م	م	M m	M m	M m
Н н	Н н	ن	ن	N n	N n	N n
Ң ң	Ҥ ​​ҥ	نک, ڭ	ڭ	Ꞑ ꞑ	Ꞑ ꞑ	Ñ ​​ñ
О о	О о	و	ؤ	O o	O o	O o
Ө ө	Ӧ ӧ	و	ؤ	Ɵ ɵ	Ɵ ɵ	Ö ö
П п	П п	ﭗ	ﭗ	P p	P p	P p
Р р	Р р	ﺭ	ﺭ	R r	R r	R r
С с	С с	ﺱ	ﺱ	S s	S s	S s
Т т	Т т	ﺖ	ﺖ	T t	T t	T t
У у	У у	و	و	U u	U u	U u
Ү ү	Ӱ ӱ	و	و	Y y	Ü ü	Ü ü
Ф ф	Ф ф	ف	ف	F f	F f	F f
Х х	Х х	خ, ﺡ	ﺡ	X x	X x	X x
Һ һ	Х х	ه	ه	H h	H h	H h
Ц ц	Ц ц	-	تس	Ts ts	Ts ts	Ts ts
Ч ч	Ч ч	چ	چ	C c	Ç ç	Ç ç
Ш ш	Ш ш	ش	ش	Ş ş	Ş ş	Ş ş
Щ щ	Щ щ	-	شچ	Şç şç	Şç şç	Şç şç
Ъ ъ	Ъ ъ	ء	-	-	'	-
Ы ы	Ы ы	ي	ئ	Ь ь	I ı	I ı
Ь ь	Ь ь	-	-	-	'	-
Э э	Э э	ي	ئ	E e	E e	E e
Ю ю	Ю ю	يو	يو	Ju Ju (Jy jy)	Yu yu (yü yü)	Yu yu (yü yü)
Я я	Я я	يا	يا	Yes Yes (Y jə)	Ya ya (Yə yə)	Ya ya (Yä yä)

Remarks

1. In the historical Cyrillic alphabet (Ilminsky alphabet), the letters Ѣ ( Jat ), Ѳ ( Fita ) and І could also be used.
2. In the modern Cyrillic alphabet, the digraphs гъ and къ are sometimes used for the consonants ğ and q .
3. For the vowel spelling in Yaña imlâ see the description of this alphabet in the section "Historically and currently used alphabets" above.

Text example

Cyrillic	Latin	German
Барлык кешеләр дә азат һәм үз абруйлары һәм хокуклары ягыннан тиң булып туалар. Аларга акыл һәм вөҗдан бирелгән һәм бер-берсенә карата туганнарча мөнасәбәттә булырга тиешләр.	Barlıq keşelär dä azat häm üz abruyları häm xoquqları yağınnan tiñ bulıp tualar. Alarğa aqıl häm wöcdan birelgän häm ber-bersenä qarata tuğannarça mönasäbättä bulırğa deeply.	All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should meet one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

( Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Article 1)

literature

• Ingeborg Baldauf : Writing reform and correspondence among the Muslim Russian and Soviet Turks (1850-1937). Akad. K., Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6531-5 .

Web links

• Tatar language, alphabet and pronunciation. omniglot.com, accessed September 2, 2013 . 

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Ilya Yevlampiev et al .: Revised Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Bashkir, Belarusian, Crimean Tatar, and Tatar languages. (PDF) ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2, Document N4071, May 20, 2011, accessed on September 1, 2013 (English). 
2. ^ Andreas Frings: Soviet written policy between 1917 and 1941. An action-theoretical analysis. Steiner, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-515-08887-9 .
3. ↑ Закон 1-ЗРТ «Об использовании татарского языка как государственного языка Республики Татарстан» (PDF); 34