Trần dynasty

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The Trần Dynasty was a Vietnamese ruling dynasty that ruled in Đại Việt ( Vietnam ) from 1225 to 1400. The capital of the dynasty was Thăng Long , today's Hanoi . The Trân repelled several Mongol invasions in Vietnam and expanded the territory of Vietnam to the south by conquest. She carried out several reforms after which Vietnam experienced a cultural heyday.

history

The Trân family was originally a family of fishermen. Her home region is near the present-day city of Nam Định on the Tonkins coast. The clan acquired wealth and prestige through river shipping between the capital and a palace complex near Nam Dinh. Members of the family acquired important posts at the court of the Lý dynasty . In 1225, the influential military leader and prince by marriage of the imperial family Trần Thủ Độ the Lý succeeded in overthrowing and establishing his own dynasty. To this end, he married the last Lý ruler who came to the throne as a child with his nephew, who, as Trần Thái Tông, became the first emperor of the new dynasty. Trần Thủ Độ had the surviving members of the Lý dynasty murdered to secure his dynasty.

During their 200-year rule, the Trân extended the national territory southwards at the expense of Champa . These military expeditions were mostly led by princes of the dynasty, who thereby gained great power at court at the expense of Confucian scholarship. The Trân expanded the penetration of society through the Confucian state bureaucracy. They also established the tradition that an emperor hands over the title to an adult son during his lifetime in order to avoid succession crises. In 1242 there was a reform of the administration, the written remains of which are the oldest written evidence of a centralized tax system for the ruled area based in Hanoi. Under the rule of the Trân, Confucianism, imported from China, rose to supplement and at the expense of existing Buddhist scholarship. The Trân continued the examination system for state posts and offices that had already been introduced under the Lý and supplemented it in 1246 with a formalized procedure that guaranteed a position if the examination was positive.

The achievements of the Trần dynasty also include the successful defense against the Mongol invading armies (1258, 1284 and 1287). General Trần Hưng Đạo became famous and became a popular hero as a military leader and political proponent of the war against the Mongols. After the defeat of the Mongols by the Trân in the Battle of the Bạch Đằng , they gave up their intention to conquer Vietnam.

The feudal state of the dynasty suffered from the fact that it often paid civil servants in addition to monetary payments through land ownership, fiefs or leases. As a result, he aggravated the crisis in the country as he increasingly deprived taxable owners of private land of the means of production. In the course of their rule, the Tran began to recruit landless peasants as slaves for imperial latifundia, which became a characteristic of the dynasty's feudal policy. From 1340 the dynasty suffered from a series of weak rulers and was eventually replaced by the Hồ dynasty .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e f William J. Duiker, Bruce Lockhart: Historical Dictionary of Vietnam. Lanham 2006, ISBN 0-8108-5053-2 , pp. 372-374.
  2. ^ A b K. W. Taylor: A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge 2013, ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8 , pp. 113-115.
  3. ^ William J. Duiker, Bruce Lockhart: Historical Dictionary of Vietnam. Lanham 2006, p. 381.
  4. ^ KW Taylor: A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge 2013, p. 126f.