Typhoid vaccine

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A typhoid vaccine is a vaccine against the bacterium Salmonella typhi , the causative agent of typhoid fever . The WHO recommends the programmatic use of typhoid vaccines to control typhoid fever.

properties

The approved typhoid vaccines impart immunity to 53% to 78% of those vaccinated. The typhoid vaccine is recommended by the WHO for travelers to typhoid risk areas and for people with an increased risk of exposure.

Three typhoid vaccines are currently approved:

  1. the administered via injection conjugate vaccine as a conjugate of Vi polysaccharide - antigen with the toxoid of tetanus toxin called TCV ( typhoid conjugate vaccine , more precisely, Vi-TT )
  2. the orally administered attenuated vaccine Ty21a ,
  3. the injection-administered subunit vaccine Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) .

The introduction of the TCV vaccine should be prioritized in countries with high levels of typhoid or resistant S. Typhi . After one month there is immunity in 87.1% of the vaccinated. The vaccination protection will probably last five years. TCV contains 25 μg of the conjugate.

Ty21a is approved for people aged six and over. Revaccination is recommended every five years. This results in immunity for three years in approximately 50% of those vaccinated. The immunity produced by this vaccine is still present in 62 to 77% of those vaccinated after seven years. Ty21a typhoid vaccines contain two to six billion CFU of live salmonella and five to 50 billion dead CFU of the S. typhi Ty21 vaccine strain .

The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine is approved for ages two and up, with revaccinations recommended after three years. After seven days there is vaccination protection. This vaccine produces immunity in about 66% of those vaccinated in the first year and in 45% to 69% of those vaccinated in the second year. ViPS contains 25 μg of the antigen.

The typhoid vaccine is on the World Health Organization's list of Essential Medicines .

history

The first typhoid vaccine was an inactivated vaccine and was developed by Almroth Edward Wright in 1896 , but is no longer used due to the side effects. Another typhoid vaccine was developed by Eugen Haagen .

Trade names

  • Conjugate vaccine: Typbar-TCV and PedaTyph
  • Vi polysaccharide vaccine : Typhim Vi, Typherix
  • Ty21a : Vivotif
  • Combination vaccine with a hepatitis A vaccine : ViATIM, Hepatyrix
  • In capsules: Typhoral L

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m World Health Organization : Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper - March 2018 . In: Weekly epidemiological record . tape 93 , no. 13 , p. 153-172 ( who.int ).
  2. ^ J Wain, RS Hendriksen, ML Mikoleit, KH Keddy, RL Ochiai: Typhoid fever . In: The Lancet . 385, No. 9973, March 21, 2015, pp. 1136-45. doi : 10.1016 / s0140-6736 (13) 62708-7 . PMID 25458731 .
  3. ↑ E Anwar, E Goldberg, A Fraser, CJ Acosta, M Paul, L Leibovici: Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever . In: The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 1, January 2, 2014, p. CD001261. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858.CD001261.pub3 . PMID 24385413 .
  4. ^ Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper . In: Wkly Epidemiol Rec. . 83, No. 6, February 8, 2008, pp. 49-59. PMID 18260212 .
  5. ↑ a b FDA : Vivotif: Typhoid Vaccine Live Oral Ty21a .
  6. ↑ a b c R. Milligan, M. Paul, M. Richardson, A. Neuberger: Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever. In: The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Volume 5, 05 2018, S. CD001261, doi : 10.1002 / 14651858.CD001261.pub4 , PMID 29851031 .
  7. ↑ a b Fraser A, Goldberg E, Acosta CJ, Paul M, Leibovici L: Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever . In: Cochrane Database Syst Rev . No. 3, 2007, p. CD001261. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858.CD001261.pub2 . PMID 17636661 .
  8. ↑ a b c d e C Helfand, C Helfand: PaxVax joins the marketed vaccines club with Crucell typhoid buy . FierceVaccines,. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 (Retrieved June 8, 2015).
  9. ↑ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines . In: World Health Organization . October 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2014.