Uighur independence movement

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Kök bayraq: Flag of the Uighur independence movement
The sign of the Basmalah is sometimes shown alone or with the flag of independence
Rebiya Kadeer (2011)

The Uyghur independence movement is a political movement that works for an independent East Turkestan . Its followers mostly belong to the national minority of the Uyghurs who live in what is now the Xinjiang Autonomous Region , part of the People's Republic of China . They speak Uighur , a Turkic language , and the majority of them are Muslim . Probably the most famous representative of the Uyghurs is the activist Rebiya Kadeer . From 2006 to 2007 she was president of the World Uyghur Congress , one of many groups campaigning for the rights of the Uyghurs and an East Turkestan independent of China. However, the existing groups do not all act with the aim of a peaceful solution. They mostly pursue Islamic and Turanist goals. The East Turkestan Muslim movement (East Turkestan Islamic Movement, ETIM), for example, by the Chinese, Kazakh and kirgisisische as terrorist government. Sections of the Uyghur independence movement are allied with the terrorist organizations of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda .

background

Republic of East Turkestan 1944–1949

After the Uyghurs settled in the region in the 9th century, the first attempt was made in 1933 to establish a Uyghur republic independent of China. After the First Republic of East Turkestan , also the Islamic Republic of East Turkestan, only existed for a short time, a second attempt was made in 1944 and the Second Republic of East Turkestan was proclaimed with the support of the Soviet Union . This venture also failed and the region became part of the People's Republic of China, founded in 1949, as the 'Autonomous Region of Xinjiang'.

Between 1960 and 2010, many Han Chinese immigrated to Xinjiang. The high number of immigrants can be explained by the migration regulations for military security and economic development. The government's migration regulations were implemented from 1949 and changed the demographic profile of the region. While in 1945 93.85% of the population were Uyghurs, in 2006 it was only 57.4%. Many of the Han Chinese living there today were sent to Xinjiang. Violent separatist movements first formed in the late 1970s. After Mao Zedong's death , the new government promised economic reforms and greater freedoms. Corresponding demands from the population were answered with repression.

Riots in 1990 and 1997 were seen as an expression of the Uyghur independence. Since the mid-1990s, the political and cultural oppression of the Uyghurs has grown noticeably stronger. An estimated 120,000 people were still in so-called re-education camps in 2018. Overall, the number of those who went through such camps is estimated at around 800,000. Officially, the re-education camps are a means of the government in its fight against terrorism and separatism .

Opposition groups

The existing Uighur independence movements pursue different goals and approaches to achieve their goals. In addition to peaceful groups, there are groups classified as terrorist. The groups include, for example, the Hizb ut-Tahrir , the World Uyghur Congress (WUC), the "East Turkestan Government in Exile" and the Turkestan Muslim Movement (ETIM) .

World Uighur Congress (WUC)

The Uighur World Congress calls for a peaceful solution to the Xinjiang conflict and the East Turkestan conflict. According to its own statements, the goals of the WUC are “the achievement of democracy, human rights and religious freedom for all Uighurs so that they can determine their own political future”. This goal should only be achieved with "peaceful, non-violent and democratic means". In November 2006, Rebiya Kadeer was unanimously elected President of the World Uyghur Congress in Munich. She is particularly committed to human rights and democracy for the Uyghurs.

East Turkestan Muslim Movement (ETIM)

The East Turkestan Muslim Movement (ETIM) is classified as terrorist by the People's Republic of China after attacks in Xinjiang and is officially banned. The aim of the ETIM is not only to create an “Islamic Republic of East Turkestan”, but also to deport all non-Muslims from the region. Furthermore, a Central Asian caliphate is to be established.

literature

  • Nimrod Baranovitch: Inverted Exile - Uyghur Writers and Artists in Beijing and the Political Implications of Their Work. Modern China, Vol. 33 (4), 2007, pp. 462-504, doi: 10.1177 / 0097700407304803 .
  • Gardner Bovingdon: The Not-So-Silent Majority - Uyghur Resistance to Han Rule in Xinjiang. Modern China, Vol. 28 (1), 2002, pp. 39-78, doi: 10.1177 / 009770040202800102 .
  • Debasish Chaudhuri: Minority Economy in Xinjiang - A Source of Uyghur Resentment. China Report, Vol. 46 (1), 2010, pp. 9-27, doi: 10.1177 / 000944551004600102 .
  • Michael Clarke: "The Impact of Ethnic Minorities on China's Foreign Policy: The Case of Xinjiang and the Uyghur." China Report, Vol. 53 (1), 2017, pp. 1–25, doi: 10.1177 / 0009445516677361 .
  • Sonja Gupta, Veena R .: Bilingual Education in Xinjiang in the Post-2009 Period. China Report, Vol. 52 (4), 2016, pp. 306-323, doi: 10.1177 / 0009445516661885 .
  • Jianzheng Liu et al. a .: Mapping ethnic migration in mainland China from the early 1960s to 2010. Environment and Planning A, Vol. 48 (10), 2010, pp. 1886–1888, doi: 10.1177 / 0308518X1561663 .
  • Stephen Frederick Starr: Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. ME Sharpe, Armonk / London 2004, ISBN 978-0-7656-3192-3 .
  • Rebiya Kadeer, Alexandra Cavelius: '' The Heavenly Stormer: China's public enemy No. 1 tells from her life. '' Heyne Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-453-12082-2 .
  • Berndt Georg Thamm: `` The Jihad in Asia - The Islamist Danger in Russia and China. '' Dtv paperback books, 24652, 2008, ISBN 978-3-423-24652-1 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michael Clarke: The Impact of Ethnic Minorities on China's Foreign Policy: The Case of Xinjiang and the Uyghur. 2017, p. 3.
  2. ↑ 中共 辽宁 省委 党校 报. Retrieved August 17, 2018 .
  3. ^ CCTV International. Retrieved August 17, 2018 .
  4. ↑ Terror list with links to al-Qaeda unveiled. Retrieved August 17, 2018 .
  5. ^ John Pike: East Turkistan Liberation Organization (ETLO). Retrieved August 17, 2018 .
  6. ^ Islamic groups banned in Kyrgyzstan Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Central Asia Caucasus Institute
  7. ^ Eastern Turkistan Liberation Organization MIPT Terror Knowledge Base
  8. ↑ Stephen Frederick Starr: Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. 2004, p. 354.
  9. ↑ Jianzheng Liu et al. a .: Mapping ethnic migration in mainland China from the early 1960s to 2010. 2016, p. 1888.
  10. ↑ Debasish Chaudhuri: Minority Economy in Xinjiang - A Source of Uyghur Resentment. 2010, p. 13
  11. ↑ Stephen Frederick Starr: Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. 2004, p. 125.
  12. ↑ Debasish Chaudhuri: Minority Economy in Xinjiang - A Source of Uyghur Resentment. 2010, p. 9.
  13. ^ Gardner Bovingdon: The Not-So-Silent Majority - Uyghur Resistance to Han Rule in Xinjiang. 2002, p. 42.
  14. ^ Nimrod Baranovitch: Inverted Exile - Uyghur Writers and Artists in Beijing and the Political Implications of Their Work. 2007, p. 494.
  15. ↑ Thomas Phillips: China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps' The Guardian, January 25, 2018, accessed July 3, 2018.
  16. ↑ World Uyghur Congress: Goals. accessed on July 3, 2018.
  17. ↑ World Uyghur Congress: Goals. accessed on July 3, 2018.
  18. ↑ World Uyghur Congress : World Uyghur Congress. accessed on July 3, 2018.
  19. ↑ United States Department of State: Country Reports: East Asia-Pacific and Pacific Overview. April 30, 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
  20. ↑ Human Rights Watch: II Background - Uighur Islam. 2005, accessed July 3, 2018.