Underpass
In an underpass , numbers or words that are repeated in single or multiple lines (lists / tables) are replaced by an underpass - originally to save time and ink / printer's ink. In contrast to ellipses, an underpass mark has a specific meaning, namely that of the information above.
Underpass in the strict sense
Basic typographic rules
For a long time, two short, parallel, almost vertical, slightly oblique lines have been drawn as underpass marks in handwritten records. Since it in the book set to lead turnarounds i for it. d. Usually there was no corresponding letter , a quotation mark is still used today ; in Germany and Austria the “German” opening quotation mark ( “ ) and in Switzerland the“ French ”closing quotation mark ( » ).
Every single word has to be underscored, with the underscore at the beginning of the typewriter and in the middle of the lettering in the middle of the word to be underscored. Numbers and associated units of measurement must not be included. Punctuation marks, on the other hand, are understood without their own sub-mark.
Examples
Typewriter set
| 1 | Printer cable, | parallel, | 1.5 m |
| 1 | " | USB, | 1.5 m |
| 1 | " | " | 7 m |
German book typesetting
| Bottrop | Own |
| " | Fuhlenbrock |
| " | Vonderort |
| Oberhausen | Osterfeld |
| " | Sterkrade |
Swiss book typesetting
| Zurich- | Affoltern |
| » | Altstetten |
| » | Höngg |
| Winterthur | Mattenbach |
| » | Veltheim |
Underpass with several words
According to Duden and DIN 5008, each word must be added individually even if several words belong together:
| from | garlic | to | Hatzbach, | Hans Caspar, | born | 1719, | died | 1793 |
| " | " | " | " | Karl, | " | 1756, | " | 1794 |
In many books, as well as in handwritten notes, however, there are also deviations from this rule, in which the underlay mark is between two em dashes :
| from garlic to Hatzbach, | Hans Caspar, | born | 1719, | died | 1793 |
| - "- | Karl, | " | 1756, | " | 1794 |
Repetition of higher-level keywords
In hierarchical lists parent keywords can through the hyphen ( - , sometimes in practice by) em dash ( - and (especially in dictionaries) by) tilde ( ~ be replaced).
Examples
Hyphen (office communication according to DIN 5008)
- Russian
- -, literature until 1900
- -, literature from 1900
- -, grammars and dictionaries
- -, linguistics
Em dash (letterpress, typesetting)
- Russian
- -, literature until 1900
- -, literature from 1900
- -, grammars and dictionaries
- -, linguistics
The half-square also occurs occasionally.
In a dictionary with tilde
- Kern m - seed, kernel, core
- ~ subject n - basic subject
- ~ housing n - core
In electronic documents, the ASCII tilde U + 007E, which is indefinite in its vertical position, should not be used, but the proportionality symbol ~ U + 223C because of the guaranteed arrangement at half the letter height. [Source?]
In bibliographies
In bibliographies and bibliographies , the name of an author by whom several works are cited is often saved with a hyphen ( - ), em dash ( - ), overlong dash ( ——— ) or overlong underscore ( ____ ):
- Keipert, Helmut (2000). Herder's “Slaven Chapter” in the “Danica Horvatska, Slavonska i
- Dalmatinska ”(1835) . In: Slavic literatures in dialogue. Festschrift for R. Lauer
- for the 65th birthday . Wiesbaden. Pp. 131-140.
- ——— (2006). The “Language” chapter in August Ludwig Schlözer's “Nestor” and the foundation
- the historical-comparative method for Slavic linguistics . Goettingen.
Unicode
The Unicode character for the leading double quotation mark ( „) used in German is U + 201E. The character U + 3003 ( 〃- DITTO MARK) is intended for CJK texts.
Others
In the film Der eiserne Gustav (1958, there are two versions), Gustav Hartmann alias Heinz Rühmann enters himself into the book of the city of Cologne with an underpass: Instead of writing his signature on a new page as usual, he writes under the name of the Foreign Minister Dr. Gustav Stresemann ...
| Dr. | Gustav | Stresemann | |
| " | Hard " | (old version) | |
| " | Hartmann | (new version) |
... and smiles satisfied.
literature
- Underpass. In: Duden. The German spelling. 24th edition, Mannheim u. a. 2006, p. 120.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ unicode.org
- ↑ Movie trailer on YouTube (blocked)
- ↑ Film trailer at Moviepilot (pay attention to the image quality when the letter is shown)