Ancient Greek
| Overview: Greek language (see also: Greek alphabet ) |
| Ancient Greek (approx. 2000 BC) |
| Mycenaean (approx. 1600–1100 BC) |
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Ancient Greek (approx. 800–300 BC) Dialects: Aeolian , Arcadian-Cypriot , Attic , Doric , Ionian |
| Koine (approx. 300 BC - 300 AD) |
| Late Antique Greek (approx. 300–600) |
| Middle Greek (approx. 600–1500) |
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Modern Greek (since around 1500) Today's official language Popular language: Dimotiki Educational language: Katharevousa Dialects: Griko , Jevan , Cappadoc , Pontic , Tsakonian , Cypriot |
As Proto-Greek language or proto Greek ( Modern Greek πρωτοελληνική γλώσσα ) a hypothetical language level of Greek is called, as a common predecessor of the Mycenaean and later Greek dialects Dorian , Aeolian and Attisch may apply. Original Greek is not in the form of inscriptions or the like. handed down, but can partly be inferred due to the known sound shifts and other general linguistic laws.
Emergence
It used to be assumed that ancient Greek in the late 3rd millennium BC Chr. Of Indo-European groups in the Balkans was said that later in several waves of migration to the South moved into the area of today's Greece. It turned out that the Greek of the Dorians, from whom it was assumed that they had remained almost 1000 years longer in the home country, partly had a more archaic status than Mycenaean, i. that is, it was even closer to the "original Greek language".
Today it is believed that Doric and Mycenaean would differ more if they had been separated from each other for almost 1,000 years. Therefore it is assumed that around 2000 BC BC a warlike people invaded and settled in central Greece and on the northern Peloponnese. Their language was not yet Greek, which is why they are called proto-Greek. It is not known where they came from, only that they knew pottery and the horse. Within about 200 years, their language mixed with that of the local population and the Greek language emerged.
morphology
Many structural and phonetic similarities between early Greek and Vedic Sanskrit suggest that the respective predecessor languages, Original Greek and Ur-Indo-Iranian , were still relatively close to the common language of the entire Indo-European language family, Ur-Indo-European .
noun
The original Indo-European dative , ablative , locative and instrumental merge to form the dative.
The plural of the nominative, -oi and -ai replaces the late Indo- European -ōs and -ās .
The superlative in -tatos can now be substantiated.
pronoun
The pronouns houtos , ekeinos and autos arise.
Verbs
The original Greek language retained the augment , the prefix é- , to express the past. It shares this property only with the Indo-Iranian languages , which gives meaning to a theory of an ancient Graecoiran language .
The future tense and the aorist in the passive voice are introduced.
Infinitives on -ehen and -men arise.
numbers
- "One": nominative * hens , genitive * hemos ; Feminine * m h iā (> myk. E-me / hemei / (dative), att.-ion. Εἷς (ἑνός), μία ).
- "Two": * duwō (> myk. Du-wo / duwō /, Hom. Δύω , att.-ion. Δύο )
- "Three": nominative * trees , accusative trins (.> Mycenaean ti-ri / trins . / ATT-ion τρεῖς ., Lesb τρής , kret. Τρέες )
- "Four": nominative * k w sthores , genitive * k w eturōn (> myk. Qe-to-ro-we / k w etrōwes /, att. Τέτταρες , ion. Τέσσερες , böot. Πέτταρες , lesb. Πίσυρες , dor. τέτορες )
- "Five": * penk w e (.> ATT-ion πέντε , lesb, thess.. Πέμπε )
example
In his Greek Grammar (1939, I.74-75), Eduard Schwyzer reconstructed some well-known Greek lines of text in original Greek. At that time he did not yet have the current level of knowledge regarding Mycenaean, so that a more recent reconstruction z. T. would look different.
| Classical Greek | Ancient Greek | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Schwyzer | Modern | ||
| Plato , apology | ὅτι μὲν ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων, οὐκ οἶδα · ἐγὼ δ 'οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς ὓπ' αὺτῶν ὀλίγου ἐμαυτοῦ ἐπελαθόμην, οὕτω πιθανῶς ἔλεγον. καίτοι ἀληθές γε ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν οὐδὲν εἰρήκασιν | 'ϝοττι μᾱν (?) υμμε, ω ανερες Αθᾱναιοι, πεπᾱσθε υπο κατᾱγορων μεο, ου ϝοιδα · εγω δε εον (?) κ. α. υ. α. ολιγοιο εμεο αυτοιο επελαθομᾱν, τως (or * τω ) πιθανως (or -ω ) ελεγοντ. κ. αλᾱθες γε ὡς (or ὡ ) ϝεπος ϝειπεεν (or ϝευπ. ) ουδε ἑν ϝεϝρηκᾰτι | * çok w id mān um h e. ō aneres At h ānaïoi, pepãst h e upo katāgorōn meho. oju woida; egō de ōn kai autos up 'autōn oligoço emeho autoço epi lat h omān, tō pit h anō elegont. kai toi ãlāt h es ge çō wek w os weik w ehen oude hen wewrēkãti |
| Matthew 6: 9 | πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς, ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου | πατερ αμμεων ὁ (τοισι) ορϝανοισι (or sing.) (ἁγιον or αγνον εστωδ) ενυμα τϝεο | * pater ãm h ōn ho wor h anoihi, çagion estōd enumã tweho |
| Homer , Odyssey 1.1 | Ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα, πολύτροπον | ανερα μοι ενσεπε or -τε ) (μοντϳα (μωντϳα?) π. | * anerã moi en h ek w et, mont s a, polutrok w on |
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ John Chadwick: The Mycenaean World . Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-15-010282-0 , p. 16
- ↑ John Chadwick: The Mycenaean World . Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-15-010282-0 , pp. 17-19
- ^ Antonin Bartonek: Handbook of the Mycenaean Greek . Heidelberg 2003, ISBN 3-8253-1435-9 , p. 494