Vũ Văn Uyên

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Vũ Văn Uyên ( chữ Hán : 武文淵; † in the 1550s), dubbed Khánh Dương Hầu (慶陽 侯), was a Vietnamese local ruler in the northern mountain provinces of Tuyên Quang , Yên Bái and Lào Cai . As a supporter of the Lê dynasty , he took action against the Mạc usurpation . He founded the line of the Bầu princes ( Chúa Bầu ), who ruled the province of Tuyên Quang for over a century and a half.

Life

Vũ Văn Uyên and his brother Vũ Văn Mật originally came from the Gia Lộc district in the Hải Dương province . Because of manslaughter, they had to flee and moved to the mountains of the Đại Đồng region (today's provinces of Tuyên Quang, Yên Bái and Lào Cai). The local people were brutally exploited by a local ruler. The two brothers therefore gathered men around them, attacked and killed the ruler and thus took control. Vietnam was shaken by rebellions at this time and was on the verge of civil war, which is why the weak emperor Lê Chiêu Tông (r. 1516–1522) had no choice but to formalize the status quo and thus Vũ Văn Uyên as the new ruler of the region to confirm. He chose the Phố-Ràng Valley ( Bảo Yên , Province of Lào Cai) as his residence and had a mighty fortress called Nghị Lang built there.

In 1522, Emperor Lê Chiêu Tông fled the capital, whereupon the military commander Mạc Đăng Dung put a new emperor named Lê Cung Hoàng on the throne. In 1527 he had this eliminated and ascended the throne himself, which ended the Lê dynasty and the Mạc dynasty began.

This step was seen as a robbery of the throne, especially by the Vietnamese family clans far away from the capital in the south-west of the country - the home region of the Lê. The Ming dynasty , which ruled the Empire of China and saw itself as the “protective power” of Vietnam, viewed the new Mạc monarch as an illegitimate usurper; after all, the Lê monarchs were formally vassals of the Chinese emperor. There were several anti-M -c uprisings in Vietnam, but these were initially suppressed. In 1533, loyalists of the old dynasty, under the leadership of Nguyễn Kim in Laotian exile, proclaimed a Lê prince as the new emperor Lê Trang Tông .

At this time, Vũ Văn Uyên, who had previously stayed out of the conflict, publicly sided with the Lê. Since his territory was relatively close to the capital, he posed a direct threat to the Mạc. After a series of skirmishes, the Mạc began a major offensive against Vũ Văn Uyên and his brother, but despite their numerical superiority, the two could not get out of their fortress drive out in the mountains.

Finally, in 1537, the Chinese prepared an invasion against the Mạc and gathered troops en masse along the border. They also contacted Vũ Văn Uyên and asked him to recruit soldiers loyal to Lê in his area of ​​influence. Vũ Văn Uyên's troops were to serve as the vanguard for the Chinese invasion. In early 1538, the Vũ brothers inflicted a series of defeats on the Mạc forces, after which Mạc Đăng Dung sent a diplomat to the Chinese border to start negotiations. By 1540 there was an understanding between the Mạc and the Chinese, so that the impending invasion was averted. Mạc Đăng Dung had to humiliatingly submit and agree to harsh demands, but in return his accession to the throne was recognized by the Chinese, who were thus eliminated from the conflict.

The war between the Mạc and the Lê supporters continued, however, with the latter being able to make increasingly large territorial gains in the south. In the north, the Mạc failed again with attacks against the fortress of the Vũ brothers. In 1551 the brother Vũ Văn Mật made an advance into the Red River Delta; the new monarch Mạc Tuyên Tông fled the capital briefly as a result. Around 1559, the Lê loyalists under Trịnh Kiểm - the new leader of the alliance since the death of Nguyễn Kim - advanced far into the area controlled by the M Gebietc from the south, bypassed the capital in the west and thus reached the territory of the V Herr for the first time. Brothers where they were warmly received. Emperor Lê Anh Tông then confirmed the rule of the Vũ family over the province of Tuyên Quang as hereditary property. Vũ Văn Uyên had died childless shortly before, so that his brother Vũ Văn Mật took over the rule.

The Bu princes

Vietnam around 1650: The sphere of influence of the B Machtu princes in orange.

The brother Vũ Văn Mật (武 文 密), dubbed Gia Quốc Công (嘉國公), had the seat of power relocated to the Bầu Mountain ( núi Bầu , named after the heroine Bà Chúa Bầu ). The leaders of the Vũ family came to be known as the Bầu princes ( Chúa Bầu ), "Chúa" being the same high-ranking title used by the heads of the Trịnh and Nguyễn clans.

The Bu princes were:

  • Vũ Văn Mật
  • Vũ Công Kỷ
  • Vũ Đức Cung
  • Vũ Công Đức (Vũ Công Ứng)
  • Vũ Công Tuấn

At the end of 1592, the troops of the Lê Alliance, led by Trịnh Tùng , conquered the capital and killed Emperor Mạc Mậu Hợp . While the surviving Mạc fled to Cao Bằng and reorganized there under Chinese protection, Emperor Lê Thế Tông returned to the capital the following year, completing the Lê restoration . The Bầu prince Vũ Đức Cung also paid his respects. However, the relationship with the new Lê government deteriorated radically, presumably because it became clear that the Trịnh princes would not give up control of the empire and thus also the state. In 1595 Vũ Đức Cung rebelled against the Trịnh by declaring himself king ( Long Bình vương ) and robbing the silver mines of the neighboring province of Thái Nguyên . The fighting soon ceased, but relations remained hostile. The Bầu princes now increasingly turned to their former enemies, the Mạc in neighboring Cao Bằng.

In 1669, Vũ Công Đức rebelled against the Trịnh as they were in the process of preparing for another campaign against the Nguyễn in the south. Like his predecessor, he also declared himself king. The Trịnh solved the problem by having him murdered. His legacy Vũ Công Tuấn , however, withdrew to southern Yunnan and continued to resist from there. Only towards the end of the century (probably 1699) was he killed, with which the line of the Bầu princes ended.

Adoration

To date, the brothers Vũ Văn Vũ Văn Uyên and MAT in several temples in their former territory (Tuyen Quang, Yen Bai, Lao Cai) as well as in their home province (Hải Dương) are worshiped .

Vũ Thị Ngọc Anh is also worshiped, the (historically not documented) daughter of Vũ Văn Mật. According to local tradition, she is said not only to have made a name for herself as a military leader for the Lê monarchs, but also to have achieved great success in promoting agriculture. She is also - like the ancient heroine - referred to as Bà Chúa Bầu , which suggests that parts of one legend have flowed into the other. Her main temple, Đại Cại, is located in the Lục Yên district of the Yên Bái province. Their festival takes place there on the 16th day of the first lunar month .

Individual evidence

  1. a b Theo Ngọc Hùng, Báo Hải Dương - Ban Tôn giáo Chính phủ (Government Committee for Religious Affairs): Về quê của chúa Bầu: Chúa Bầu là từ nhân dân dùng để chánỉ Gia quốc công đờiũnò hàng Mng Vũ Vàn cát cứ ở Tuyên Quang thời hậu Lê. (accessed December 2018)
  2. ditichlichsuvanhoa.com: Phế tích thành cổ Nghị Lang (accessed December 2018)
  3. Kathlene Baldanza: Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia (Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute), Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 135/136
  4. ^ Nguyen Trieu Dan: A Vietnamese Family Chronicle: Twelve Generations on the Banks of the Hat River , McFarland, Jefferson NC 2017, chapter 15
  5. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference LAHA , Chulalongkorn University Press, Bangkok 1979, p 1350
  6. Lương Anh - National Museum of Vietnamese History : Di tích thành nhà Bầu thành phế tích , June 7, 2010
  7. Việt Chương: Thời Nam Bắc triều: Trịnh Nguyễn tranh hùng , Phụ nữ, 2001, p. 36
  8. Thành cổ qua các triều đại phong kiến ​​Việt Nam , Verlag der Volksarmee, 2009, p. 343
  9. ^ Alain Forest: Guerre et paix en Asie du Sud-Est , Éditions L'Harmattan, 1998, p. 139
  10. ^ Nguyễn Thị Thúy Hoa - Tuyên Quang Provincial Government: Di tích thành nhà Bầu trên đất Tuyên Quang , April 28, 2017
  11. Đức Toàn, Hoài Văn - Yên Bái Online: Lục Yên: Tưng bừng Lễ hội Đền Đại Cại , March 1, 2010