Restored Lê dynasty
The restored Lê dynasty (more precisely restored later Lê dynasty , vietn . Nhà Lê trung hưng ) is the period from 1533 to 1789 in the history of Vietnam , in which the (later) Lê dynasty, after its restoration, the emperor posed. The Lê had previously been overthrown by the Mạc family in 1527 . Characteristic of this epoch are the factual division of the country and the complete powerlessness of the Lê monarchs.
The term "restored Lê dynasty" is not contemporary, but was coined by later historians in order to create a distinction from the early phase of the Lê dynasty (1427–1527), in which the Lê emperors actually ruled. In many ways, the period of the restored Lê dynasty can be compared with the time of the shoguns in Japan.
The epoch can again be divided into the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties ( Nam-Bắc triều ), which lasted until 1592 , in which Lê loyalists waged war against the Mạc dynasty and there were two competing imperial courts, and the subsequent period of Trịnh -Nguyễn War ( Trịnh-Nguyễn phân tranh ), in which the Trịnh princes ruling in the north and the Nguyễn princes ruling in the south fought, but both recognized the powerless Lê imperial family under Trịnh control.
Most of Vietnam's southern expansion ( Nam tiến ) took place during this period. The Nguyễn princes moved the Vietnamese settlement area resistant to the south, submitted Champa and finally broke into the far the Khmer Empire belonging Mekong Delta before. In contrast, the rule of the Trịnh in the north is largely regarded as a time of stagnation and slow decline.
During the period of the restored Lê dynasty, the first European traders (Portuguese, Dutch, English) and missionaries (Portuguese and French Jesuits , especially Alexandre de Rhodes ) came to Vietnam.
In the years 1777 to 1789, the Nguyịn and Tr Fürnh princes were overthrown by the Tây-Sơn rebellion and the Lê emperors were replaced by the Tây- S Dynn dynasty . A family member of the Nguyễn princes eventually defeated the Tây Sơn and proclaimed the Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 .
List of monarchs of the restored Lê dynasty
The first two restored Lê monarchs came directly from the main Lê line that had ruled before the Mạc. With the childless death of the second emperor, however, this line died out, whereupon the Trịnh declared an alleged descendant of the brother of the original dynasty founder Lê Lợi as his successor. This ancestry has already been questioned by some contemporaries, particularly partisans of the Mạc. All members of the branch line who came to the throne in this way had the intermediate name Duy as part of their personal name - they were called "Lê Duy NN ".
The first monarch of the restored Lê was proclaimed emperor in Laotian exile. His successors resided in the "western capital" in the province of Thanh Hóa until they were able to move back to the "eastern capital" Đông Kinh (Hanoi) after the Trịnh victory over the Mạc in 1592 .
| # | Emperor | Personal name | Life dates | Term of office | Remarks | actual ruler |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lê Trang Tông | Lê Ninh | 1514-1548 | 1533-1548 | Son of the emperor Lê Chiêu Tông |
Nguyễn Kim Trịnh Kiểm |
| 2 | Lê Trung Tông | Lê Huyên | 1535-1556 | 1548-1556 | Son of the predecessor, died childless |
Trịnh Kiểm |
| 3 | Lê Anh Tông | Lê Duy Bang | 1532-1573 | 1556-1573 | Great-great-great-grandson of Lê Lợi's brother , was killed by the Trịnh |
Trịnh Kiểm Trịnh Cối Trịnh Tùng |
| 4th | Lê Thế Tông | Lê Duy Đàm | 1567-1599 | 1573-1599 | Son of the predecessor, returns to Đông Kinh (Hanoi) |
Trịnh Tùng |
| 5 | Lê Kính Tông | Lê Duy Tân | 1588-1619 | 1599-1619 | Son of the predecessor, was killed by the Trịnh |
Trịnh Tùng |
| 6th | Lê Thần Tông | Lê Duy Kỳ | 1607-1662 | 1619-1643 | Son of the predecessor, abdicated in favor of his son |
Trịnh Tùng Trịnh Tráng |
| 7th | Lê Chân Tông | Lê Duy Hựu | 1630-1649 | 1643-1649 | Son of the predecessor, died childless |
Trịnh Tráng |
| - | Lê Thần Tông | Lê Duy Kỳ | 1607-1662 | 1649-1662 | Father of the predecessor, ascended the throne again |
Trịnh Tráng Trịnh Tạc |
| 8th | Lê Huyền Tông | Lê Duy Vũ | 1654-1671 | 1662-1671 | Son of the predecessor, brother of Lê Chân Tông, died childless |
Trịnh Tạc |
| 9 | Lê Gia Tông | Lê Duy Hội / Cối | 1661-1675 | 1671-1675 | Brother of the predecessor and of Lê Chân Tông, died childless |
Trịnh Tạc |
| 10 | Lê Hy Tông | Lê Duy Hợp / Cáp | 1663-1716 | 1675-1705 | Brother of his predecessor, was deposed |
Trịnh Tạc Trịnh Căn |
| 11 | Lê Dụ Tông | Lê Duy Đường | 1679-1731 | 1705-1729 | Son of the predecessor | Trịnh Căn Trịnh Cương |
| 12 | (no emperor's name) | Lê Duy Phường | 1709-1735 | 1729-1732 | Son of the predecessor, was imprisoned, deposed and killed |
Trịnh Giang |
| 13 | Lê Thuần Tông | Lê Duy Tường | 1699-1735 | 1732-1735 | Brother of the predecessor | Trịnh Giang |
| 14th | Lê Ý Tông | Lê Duy Thận / Thìn | 1719-1759 | 1735-1740 | Brother of his predecessors, died childless |
Trịnh Giang |
| 15th | Lê Hiển Tông | Lê Duy Diêu | 1717-1786 | 1740-1786 | Nephew of the predecessor, son of Lê Thuần Tông |
Trịnh Doanh Trịnh Sâm Đặng Thị Huệ Trịnh Khải Nguyễn Huệ |
| 16 | Lê Chiêu Thống | Lê Duy Khiêm | 1765-1793 | 1786-1789 | The predecessor's grandson, son of Prince Lê Duy Vỹ , fled to China |
Nguyễn Huệ Trịnh Bồng Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh Sun Shiyi |
Other important members of the restored Lê dynasty were Lê Duy Mật (son of the emperor Lê Dụ Tông and rebel leader against the Trịnh supremacy) and Lê Duy Cận ("Prince Regent" under the control of the Vũ Văn Nhậm ).
literature
- KW Taylor : A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 242-364, 646, 650/51
- Ben Kiernan : Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present , Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 221–255
- Hà Văn Thư, Trần Hồng Đức: A Brief Chronology of Vietnamese History , English version, fifth edition. Thế Giới Publishers, Hanoi 2014, pp. 95-100
