Vanduzea
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Vanduzea arquata (Say) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Vanduzea | ||||||||||||
| Goding , 1892 |
Vanduzea is a genus of humpback chirps from the subfamily Smiliinae . The genus consists of about a dozen species, which occur mainly in northern South and Central America ( Neotropic ) and North America ( Neartctic ), as well as partly in oceanic areas where they are introduced.
features
Vanduzea are small humpback chirps with a compact body, often very hairy, only about 3.8 to 6.5 mm in length. The coloring can vary from light to very dark with different colored drawings, even the individual animals of a species can be colored very differently. The pronotum is low and has no horns, but only a backward-facing process that is rounded on the back and small protrusions on the front side. The wings are transparent, with five apical cells and three discoidal cells. The third apical cell is characteristic of the genus, it is vertically elongated and has a straight base.
The species of the closely related genus Harmonides are similar. In North America, chirps from the genera Cyrtolobus and Ophiderma are similar.
biology
The species of Vanduzea are more common in temperate than in tropical climates.
The chirps live in groups of larvae together with adults. The females lay groups of around three to six eggs in the bark of their host plants. The eggs overwinter and hatch in spring. The chirps can form up to four generations a year. Wounded larvae can release chemical substances that trigger alarm behavior in their conspecifics.
The Vanduzea chirps are associated with ants of various genera that take up honeydew from the chirps. Ants have also been observed to defend the humpback leafhopper.
In North America, Vanduzea-chirping are mostly specialized in certain host plants whose sap they receive, in the neotropical areas, the chirping do not seem, however, to be dedicated to individual plant species. In Costa Rica, V. segmentata is considered a pest of Cajanus cajan , and in Hawaii the species is potentially harmful to alfalfa and soybean .
The species and their distribution
(essentially after McKamey)
- Vanduzea albifrons : Guatemala, Mexico, USA
- Vanduzea arquata : Canada, USA
- Vanduzea brunnea : Colombia, Mexico
- Vanduzea decorata : Colombia, Panama
- Vanduzea laeta : Mexico, USA
- Vanduzea mayana : Guatemala
- Vanduzea minor : Colombia, Mexico
- Vanduzea nolina : USA (originally described as subspecies of V. laeta )
- Vanduzea punctipennis : Colombia
- Vanduzea segmentata : Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Mexico, USA, Hawaii (introduced into Hawaii; perhaps conspecific with V. laeta )
- Vanduzea testudinea : Rep. Guyana
- Vanduzea triguttata : Colombia, Rep. Guyana, Venezuela, Mexico, USA, Canada
- Vanduzea variegata : Mexico
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b McKamey, Stuart H .: Taxonomic catalog of the Membracoidea (exclusive of leafhoppers): second supplement to fascicle 1, Membracidae, of the General catalog of the Hemiptera . American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, FL 1998, ISBN 1-887988-04-1 .
- ↑ Treehoppers: Aetalionidae, Melizoderidae, and Membracidae (Hemiptera). Retrieved March 13, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Miranda, Ximena., Nishida, Kenji .: Membrácidos de la América tropical = Treehoppers of tropical America . 1a ed. INBio, [Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica] 2006, ISBN 9968-927-10-4 .
- ^ A b c d Alan W. Harvey, AG Wheeler: Vanduzea segmentata (Fowler) (Hemiptera: Membracidae): Seasonality and Habits in the Southeastern United States, with Review of Its US Distribution and Host Plants . In: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington . tape 117 , no. 2 , April 1, 2015, ISSN 0013-8797 , p. 135–150 , doi : 10.4289 / 0013-8797.117.2.135 ( bioone.org [accessed March 13, 2018]).
- ↑ Florez-VC, Wolff MI & J. Cardona-Duque: Contribution to the taxonomy of the family Membracinae Rafinesque (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) in Colombia . In: Zootaxa . tape 3910 , 2015, p. 1-161 .
- ↑ Stuart H. McKamey, Adam M. Wallner, Mitchell J. Porter: Immatures of the New World treehopper tribe Amastrini (Hemiptera, Membracidae, Smiliinae) with a key to genera . In: ZooKeys . tape 524 , September 30, 2015, ISSN 1313-2970 , p. 65-87 , doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.524.5951 ( pensoft.net [accessed March 19, 2018]).
- ↑ LL Deitz, MS Wallace: Richness of the Nearctic Treehopper Fauna (Hemiptera: Aetalionidae and Membracidae) . In: Zootaxa . tape 3423 , 2012, p. 1-26 .