Evaporation
As Verdorfung is the process of consolidation of small settlements to villages throughout the village genesis in the High Middle Ages .
On the one hand, the topography of the settlement was restructured by replacing an older scattered settlement type with a closed location, e.g. B. So individual hamlet settlements by concentrating on the village and from the association of persons to the regional association , i.e. for the formation of communities .
The opposite process is desertification . Here, villages are being dissolved in favor of individual farms.
Features and history
The Verdorfung went to Sablonier accompanied by the cerealization and Verzelgung , d. H. with the amalgamation of the fields, as well as with the decline of the manorial influence and the transition to the pension economy. Towards the end of the 13th century, cooperatives came into being, which regulated the production and use of the common land . Since the 14th century, the role of the manor has been increasingly restricted by the sovereignty (e.g. the Habsburgs , who levied heavy taxes.
In the late Middle Ages, around every fourth village in Germany perished again due to epidemics, famine and the increasing attraction of cities.
The term evaporation was coined in the 1940s by historical geography ( Müller-Wille ). In the meantime archeology has opened up many new sources, whereby the processes of evaporation are subsumed under the term village genesis by the archaeologist Rainer Schreg .
Occasionally, instead of the term evaporation, the term evaporation is used in the sense of a localization of the settlement and rulership structures (this has been the case for France since the 12th century). This less common use of the term should not be confused with vilification in the sense of the dismantling or loss of urban structures, the so-called ruralization .
Other uses of the term
In more recent times, the term vilification or vilagization has also been used for the boom of popular cultural forms and folkloric associations in large cities around 1900 or for the policy of greening the fallow land in shrinking cities.
The policy of the military government of Burundi to pool refugees in newly established villages for better control has been termed evaporation. The process of grouping scattered settlements in larger villages with better infrastructure with the aim of creating large contiguous agricultural areas, as operated by Indian investors in Ethiopia and sometimes viewed very critically, is called evaporation. In Tanzania , community villages with improved infrastructure have been introduced since 1973, sometimes with considerable pressure, to increase agricultural productivity; this process was also called evaporation.
Bibliography
- Wilhelm Abel : Evaporation and Gutsbildung in Germany at the beginning of the modern age. In: Geografiska Annaler , 43 (1961) 1/2, pp. 1-7.
- Wolfgang Müller-Wille: On the genesis of the villages in the Göttingen Leinetal depression. News of the Academy of Sciences Göttingen, Phil.-Hist. Kl., 1, 1948, pp. 8-18.
- Roger Sablonier: The village in the transition from the high to the late Middle Ages. In: Hans Fenske , Werner Rösener , Lothar Zotz (eds.): Institutions, culture and society in the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Josef Fleckenstein . Sigmaringen 1984, pp. 727-745.
- Rainer Schreg : Village genesis in southwest Germany: The Renninger Basin in the Middle Ages. Material booklets on archeology in Baden-Württemberg 76, Stuttgart, Theiss 2006.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Lexicon of Geography: Verorfung Spektrum.de
- ↑ W. Abel 1961, p. 1.
- ↑ Heide Gerstenberger: The subjectless violence: Theory and emergence of the bourgeois state authority. Münster 2016, p. 261.
- ↑ Using the example of Vienna in the 1920s: Tobias Becker, Anna Littmann, Johanna Niedbalski: The thousand joys of the metropolis: Pleasure culture around 1900. transcript 2014, p. 199.
- ↑ Rethink development aid for Ethiopia - 225,000 indigenous people are threatened with land grabbing on gfbv.de, January 10, 2011.