Veronicellidae
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| JE Gray , 1840 |
The Veronicellidae are a family of land-living nudibranchs from the order of the lung snails (Pulmonata). The species Veronicella cubensis , which was anthropogenically brought to the USA, is a pest in agriculture and horticulture. Veronicella sloanii , also called Pancake Snail, is often kept in terrariums.
features
The original case is completely reduced; there is also no rudiment of the shell. The body is elongated-elliptical and flattened. Depending on the species, the animals are 5 to about 10 cm long (stretched out). The back is covered with a thick leathery coat shield, which is set off from the stomach side by a keel-like bar. The ventral side has a narrow sole that is delimited from the sides of the body by a longitudinal furrow or pit. As a result, the leathery coat shield often protrudes very far beyond the narrow sole. The female genital pore is centered on the right side of the mantle shield, the male genital opening is hidden near the base of the right lower tentacle. the body color ranges from pale yellow speckled to almost black, often with great intraspecific variability.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The species of the Veronicellidae family occur in the tropical and subtropical areas of America, Asia and Africa. They live there in primary, but also secondary forests of the lowlands. They are now z. Some have also been abducted outside of their original habitat (e.g. some Pacific islands).
Way of life
The Veronicellidae are herbivores and detritus eaters, and are nocturnal. During the day they rest under tree trunks or stones. When the animals are active, the head is completely hidden under the leathery coat shield, only the upper tentacles are visible. The animals are hermaphrodites and fertilize each other. In Veronicella sloanii , however, multi-partner rings with three or more animals were also observed. With this species, the foreplay was quite short with only about two minutes, while the pairing itself lasts over an hour.
Some species "hatch" the eggs under their mantle shield.
Vectors of disease
Some species are known to be an intermediate host for the nematode Angiostrongylus costaricensis (also called rat lungworm ). The parasite primarily affects cotton rats , but it can also infect humans. It causes acute intestinal inflammation in the infected, also known as abdominal angiostrongyliasis; the disease is mainly found in Latin America. It can be fatal, although rarely (2 in 116 cases).
Some invasive species, such as B. Veronicella cubensis are classified as an agricultural and horticultural pest in the United States.
Systematics
The taxon was established by John Edward Gray in 1842 . The type genus is Veronicella de Blainville, 1817. There are the following synonyms: Vaginulidae Martens, 1866; Meisenheimeriinae Hoffmann, 1925; Sarasinulinae Hoffmann, 1925; Semperulinae Hoffmann, 1925; Imeriniinae Hoffmann, 1928; Pseudoveronicellinae Hoffmann, 1928.
Around 25 genera (+ three sub-genera) are currently recognized. However, the genera are mostly difficult or impossible to distinguish on the basis of external characteristics. Therefore, the generic number is also very uncertain, and the number differs depending on the opinion of the authors.
- Angustipes Colosi, 1922
- Belocaulus Hoffmann, 1925
- Colosius Thomé, 1975
- Diplosolenodes Thomé, 1976
- Drepanocaulis Simroth, 1913
- Filicaulis Simroth , 1913 (with the subgenera Filicaulis (Filicaulis) , Filicaulis (Eleutherocaulis) Simroth, 1913 and Filicaulis (Tenacipes) Baker, 1931)
- Forcartulus Thomé, 1976
- Heterovaginina Kraus, 1953
- Laevicaulis Simroth, 1913
- Latipes Colosi, 1922
- Leidyula HB Baker, 1925
- Microveronicella Thome, 1976
- Montivaginulus Thomé, 1975
- Novovaginula Thiele, 1931
- Phyllocaulis Colosi, 1922
- Potamojanuarius Thomé, 1975
- Pseudoveronicella Germain, 1908
- Sarasinula Grimpe & Hoffmann, 1925
- Semperula Grimpe & Hoffmann, 1925
- Simrothula Thomé, 1975
- Vaginina Hoffmann, 1925
- Vaginulus A. E. de Férussac , 1821 (with the subgenus Vaginulus (Vaginulus) and Vaginulus (Imerinia) Cockerell, 1891)
- Valiguna Grimpe & Hoffmann, 1925
- Veronicella de Blainville , 1817 (type genus)
- Cilchulus Thomé, 1975
Phylogeny
In the phylogenetic analysis by Dayrat et al. (2011) the Systellomatophora form the sister group of the Ellobiidae. Within the Systellommatophora, Veronicellidae and Onchidiidae are sister groups. However, the Rathouisiidae are not included in this analysis due to a lack of material.
supporting documents
literature
- Philippe Bouchet & Jean-Pierre Rocroi: Part 2. Working classification of the Gastropoda . Malacologia, 47: 239-283, Ann Arbor 2005 ISSN 0076-2997
- Schulthuizen, M. & TS Liew 2008: The slugs and semislugs of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo (Gastropoda, Pulmonata: Veronicellidae, Rathouisiidae, Ariophantidae, Limacidae, Philomycidae). Basteria, 72: 287-306, 2008
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bureau of Flora and Fauna, Australian Biological Resources Study: Fauna of Australia, Volume 5, Part 2 . 670 pp., Australian Government Pub. Service, 1987.
- ^ R. Loría-Cortés, JF Lobo-Sanahuja: Clinical abdominal angiostrongylosis. A study of 116 children with intestinal eosinophilic granuloma caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 29 (4): 538-544, 1980 abstract
- ^ RH Cowie, RT Dillon, DG Robinson, JW Smith: "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". American Malacological Bulletin, 27: 113-132, 2009. PDF ( Memento of the original from June 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Benoît Dayrat, Michele Conrad, Shaina Balayan, Tracy R. White, Christian Albrecht, Rosemary Golding, Suzete R. Gomes, MG Harasewych, António Manuel de Frias Martins: Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): New insights from increased taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59: 425-437, 2011 doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.02.014
annotation
- ↑ The original spelling is Vaginulus . Later authors intentionally or unintentionally changed this spelling to Vaginula . Therefore, both spellings can be found in the literature; they are not different genres (André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac: Tableaux systématiques des animaux mollusques classés en familles naturelles, dans lesquels on a établi la concordance de tous les systèmes; suivis d'un prodrome général pour tous les mollusques terrestres ou fluviatiles, vivants ou fossil. pp.I-XLVII, 1-27, 1-110, Paris & London, Bertrand & Sowerby, 1821-1822 online in Biodiversity Heritage Library, p.9 and p.13 ).
- ↑ The original spelling Veronicella was changed from Férussac to Veronicellus (literature see above); In contrast to Vaginula , however, the spelling was not widely used (Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville: Mémoire sur quelques Mollusques Pulmobranches. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire naturelle et des Arts, 85: 437-444, Paris Online at Google Books )
