ZMapp

ZMapp is a combination of antibodies that is used experimentally as a passive immunization against the Ebola virus . ZMapp was used in humans during the 2014 Ebola fever epidemic without the usual prior randomized clinical trials .

properties

ZMapp consists of three humanized neutralizing antibodies (c13C6, c2G4 and c4G7) that are administered intravenously. ZMapp is produced using green genetic engineering in Nicotiana benthamiana by Kentucky BioProcessing , a subsidiary of Reynolds American . The antibody mixture was created through the collaboration of Leaf Biopharmaceutical (LeafBio, Inc.), a subsidiary of Mapp Biopharmaceutical , and Defyrus Inc. , which had generated the antibodies c13C6 and c2G4 and c4G7, respectively. The lack of ZMapp during the Ebola virus epidemic and the distribution of ZMapp sparked controversy. The World Health Organization wrote in a statement that in the course of the Ebola virus epidemic in 2014, it was ethically acceptable to use preventive or therapeutic drugs without proof of effectiveness in humans, if promising results could be shown in animal experiments.

Therapeutic use

In 2019, a combination of Zmapp and Remdesivir proved to be clearly inferior to the antibody combination MAb114 and REGN-EB3 in use against Ebola. For ethical reasons, the study was only continued with the antibody combination.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b X. Qiu, G. Wong, J. Audet, A. Bello, L. Fernando, JB Alimonti, H. Fausther-Bovendo, H. Wei, J. Aviles, E. Hiatt, A. Johnson, J. Morton, K. Swope, O. Bohorov, N. Bohorova, C. Goodman, D. Kim, MH Pauly, J. Velasco, J. Pettitt, GG Olinger, K. Whaley, B. Xu, JE Strong, L. Zeitlin , GP Kobinger: Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp. In: Nature . Volume 514, number 7520, October 2014, ISSN 1476-4687 , pp. 47-53, doi : 10.1038 / nature13777 , PMID 25171469 , PMC 4214273 (free full text).
↑ David Kroll: Ebola 'Secret Serum': Small Biopharma, The Army, And Big Tobacco . In: Forbes . 5th August 2014.
^ Robyn Dixon: Three leading Ebola experts call for release of experimental drug . In: Los Angeles Times . August 6, 2014.
↑ WHO - Ethical considerations for use of unregistered interventions for Ebola virus disease . Retrieved October 8, 2014.
↑ Sabue Mulangu: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics. December 12, 2019, N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 2293-2303 doi: 10.1056 / NEJMoa1910993

[Qiu-1] X. Qiu, G. Wong, J. Audet, A. Bello, L. Fernando, JB Alimonti, H. Fausther-Bovendo, H. Wei, J. Aviles, E. Hiatt, A. Johnson, J. Morton, K. Swope, O. Bohorov, N. Bohorova, C. Goodman, D. Kim, MH Pauly, J. Velasco, J. Pettitt, GG Olinger, K. Whaley, B. Xu, JE Strong, L. Zeitlin , GP Kobinger: Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp. In: Nature . Volume 514, number 7520, October 2014, ISSN 1476-4687 , pp. 47-53, doi : 10.1038 / nature13777 , PMID 25171469 , PMC 4214273 (free full text).

[2] David Kroll: Ebola 'Secret Serum': Small Biopharma, The Army, And Big Tobacco . In: Forbes . 5th August 2014.

[3] Robyn Dixon: Three leading Ebola experts call for release of experimental drug . In: Los Angeles Times . August 6, 2014.

[4] WHO - Ethical considerations for use of unregistered interventions for Ebola virus disease . Retrieved October 8, 2014.

[5] Sabue Mulangu: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics. December 12, 2019, N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 2293-2303 doi: 10.1056 / NEJMoa1910993