Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham
 
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Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham in Egypt |
Zawiyet Umm el Rakham ( Arabic زاوية أم الرخم Zāwiyat Umm ar-Racham , DMG Zāwiyat Umm ar-Raḫam 'mosque / branch' mother of the vultures '') is a hamlet and an archaeological site on the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, about 20 km west of Marsa Matruh and about 310 km west of Alexandria .
According to Donald White, the Greco-Roman port city of Apis is said to have been at the site .
History and Buildings
Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham is known for its Pharaonic- Egyptian settlement. The most important building is the fortress from the Ramesside period ( New Kingdom , 19th and 20th dynasties ). Known since 1946 and sporadically examined in the following years by Alan Rowe and Labib Habachi , extensive excavations took place between 1994 and 2001 at the University of Liverpool under the direction of Steven Snape .
The exposed facility is a fortified area of 140 meters square with a large number of different areas in the interior that can be functionally differentiated. A temple, several chapels and magazines could be uncovered and identified. In the southeast, it was possible to uncover buildings that can probably be addressed as farm buildings. There are references to kitchens and grain processing, from grinding grain to baking bread, but also to processing flax .
A total of three wells were excavated in this economic area.
In contrast to the wells of Samana and Tell Abqain , we find wells here that have been driven into the limestone here . Due to the hydrogeological conditions, the wells that still carry water today are only a little more than 3 meters deep. The water is still of good quality today, so the excavation team could taste the water.
literature
- Henning Franzmeier: A fountain in Ramses City: On the typology and function of fountains and cisterns in pharaonic Egypt (= Pelizaeus Museum <Hildesheim>: The excavations of the Pelizaeus Museum Hildesheim in Qantir-Piramesse, Vol. 7) (At the same time: Göttingen, Univ., Master's thesis, 2006). Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 2010, ISBN 978-3-8067-8742-9 , pp. 68-69; 170-173.
- Labib Habachi : The Military Posts of Ramesses II on the Coastal Road and the Western Part of the Delta. In: Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie Orientale. (BIFAO). Vol. 80, 1980, pp. 13-30, online (PDF; 2 MB) .
- Steven R. Snape: Walls, Wells and Wandering Merchants: Egyptian Control of the Marmarica in the Late Bronze Age. In: CJ Eyre (Ed.): Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists. Cambridge, September 3-9 , 1995 (= Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 82, ZDB -ID 191235-5 ), Peeters, Leuven 1998, pp. 1081-1084.
- Steven R. Snape: The excavations of the Liverpool University Mission to Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham 1994-2001. In: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte. (ASAE). Vol. 78, 2004, ISSN 1687-1510 , pp. 149-160.
- Steven R. Snape, Penelope Wilson: Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham I: The Temple and Chapels. Rutherford Press, Bolton 2007.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Donald White: Apis. In: Kathryn A. Bard (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18589-0 , pp. 141-143.
Coordinates: 31 ° 24 ' N , 27 ° 3' E