Zniut
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The term Zniut (צניעות) is Hebrew and means modesty or modesty in German .
It denotes the limits of how religious Jews should dress and behave in public , a kind of code of conduct. For example, a woman should not wear a miniskirt or sleeveless shirt in public , as this can under certain circumstances have an annoying erotic aura. Of course, a person's behavior also plays a very important role.
Zniut relating to clothing
For Orthodox Jews , Zniut becomes concrete in everyday life in that men and women largely cover the body, i. In other words, shirts and blouses with long sleeves are worn even in warm summer weather. Skirts always cover the knees; Men wear long pants. The body shapes should not be emphasized; For Orthodox Jewish women there are alternatives to the usual swimwear, comparable to the burkini .
Headgear
Married Orthodox Jewish women use this concept to cover their hair.
“Rav Moshe Feinstein (1895–1986), after extensive research, came to the conclusion that women are allowed to show their hair two thumbs wide on their foreheads. However, the Zohar , the main work of Kabbalah , insists that women must cover all of their hair without exception. "
This can be done in different ways: B. a hood, a cap, a hat, a scarf or a headscarf (called "Tichel" or "Mitpachat").
When wigs first became fashionable in Europe, some more liberal Jewish women enthusiastically embraced the fashion. A rabbinical discussion arose on the subject. Rav Joshua Boaz ben Simon Baruch allowed the wigs, and his decision was recorded in the Shulchan Aruch . Orthodox Jews, however, reject the modern wig fashion. A wig worn for religious reasons is referred to by the Yiddish term Sheitel (שייטל). Since a modern high-quality wig can hardly be distinguished from natural hair, many Orthodox rabbis do not see the idea of Zniut realized here. In contrast, the Chabad movement stipulates that wigs should be worn throughout everyday life, which places high demands on the quality and price of wigs. Since a wig can only be re-styled to a limited extent, some manufacturers have specially adapted to these modern needs.
Orthodox Jewish men wear the kippah as headgear , ultra-Orthodox men wear a hat over the kippah (in various designs).
Separation of men's and women's areas
Orthodox men and women, if they are not family members, remain largely among themselves and, if possible, avoid situations that bring a person into closer contact with persons of the opposite sex.
In orthodox and conservative synagogues, women and men do not sit together (not even as families). The western wall of the Jerusalem temple (so-called " Wailing Wall ") is also considered a synagogue.
Furthermore, the term “woman's voice” (קול אישה, qol isha) is discussed: the rule that a woman's voice should not be heard loudly in public - especially not in a synagogue. This traditionally places limits on the active participation of women in worship in Orthodox communities. The Women of the Wall deliberately disregard these conventions or interpret the underlying halachic texts in their own way. This can make people, men and women, who consider the concept of Zniut binding for themselves, feel provoked.
See also
Web links
- Yona Ginsberg: Regulating Public Space: The “Religious” Beach of Tel-Aviv, PDF
literature
- Eric Silverman: A Cultural History of Jewish Dress . Bloomsbury, London / New York 2013, ISBN 978-1-84520-513-3 .
- Julie Grimmeisen: pioneers and beauty queens . Role models in Israel 1948–1967 . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2017, ISBN 978-3-8353-3135-8 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Noemi Berger: Zniut. In: Jüdische Allgemeine. August 14, 2014, accessed December 21, 2017 .
- ↑ When swimwear has to be kosher. July 28, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2017 .
- ↑ a b Michal Harari: parting. In: Jüdische Allgemeine. February 7, 2013, accessed December 21, 2017 .
- ^ Lubavitcher Rebbe: Wearing a Sheitel. Retrieved December 21, 2017 .
- ↑ Women of the Wall: Kol Isha. Retrieved December 21, 2017 .