Guild compulsory
With guilds , the fact is called that certain jobs only by members of a corresponding guild could be exercised. This compulsory guild served to protect competition by locally limiting the number of masters in a trade and trained journeymen , but led to considerable abuses and grievances, in particular to a narrow restriction of the chances of young people in the trade, who were dependent on their masters in many ways ( Proof of conduct, marriage bans, mobility restrictions). Only a few trades and masters could legally evade the compulsory guild, many journeymen did this illegally and had to expect persecution.
In the following u. a. During the craftsmen's unrest of the 17th and 18th centuries, there was a controversial discussion for decades about legislation in the German Empire. The main point of contention was the question of whether certain guilds with a main shop in a city should be regulated supraregionally from this. The demand for the abolition of this supraregional regulation was a weapon in the competition between the cities. The Imperial Guild Order was created through the Augsburg Imperial Conclusion of 1731, which considerably impeded the supraregional connections of the journeymen and resulted in a tightening of the compulsory guilds.
The French Revolution lifted compulsory guilds in France , under their influence during the French invasion also in Switzerland on October 19, 1798, where it was later partially restored.
The introduction of the freedom of trade took place state by state on different dates. In Prussia it was the Stein-Hardenberg reform on November 2, 1810, in the Kingdom of Hanover in 1813, in Hamburg , Bremen , the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg and the Kingdom of Saxony not until 1861, in Baden and Württemberg in the following year and in Bavaria not until 1868 the trade regulations of the North German Confederation of 1869 also abolished compulsory guilds in those German states that had not yet introduced freedom of trade . The guilds continued to exist, but no longer stood in the way of free competition. In 1935 the freedom of trade was restricted again through the large certificate of qualification for master craftsmen, and again in 1953 by the enactment of the craft regulations . Even today, the practice of the profession and the right of establishment are restricted for certain professions, e.g. B. Doctors and pharmacists.
In Austria , the guild was compulsory until the introduction of the Austrian trade regulations in 1859.
swell
- ↑ Kristina Winzen: Crafts, Cities, Empire: the urban curia of the perpetual Reichstag and the beginnings of the imperial craft regulations. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-515-07936-X .
- ↑ http://www.koenigin-luise.com/Reformen/Gewerbefreiheit/gewerbefreiheit.html
- ↑ http://agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de/subhh/digbib/view?did=c1:23053&sdid=c1:23093
- ↑ http://www.buhev.de/seitena/handwerk-historisches.html
- ↑ http://www.poprawka.de/indus/gf.pdf