Additional earning model

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In family policy and sociology, a model of the family division of labor is referred to as an additional earner model , in which both partners work full-time within a nuclear family , but one person works full-time and the spouse or partner works part-time to a significantly reduced extent and a larger one in return Part of the housework and family work .

It is also called the breadwinner-additional earner model , modernized breadwinner model , modified breadwinner model , less often also moderate single breadwinner model or compatibility model of the provider marriage.

Demarcation

If the non-working full-time partner more than slightly but not employed on a full time, including from one and a half earner model speaking, however it should not clearly distinguish whether it is a part-time job is or the "half" portion of the Gross or net remuneration.

In contrast to the additional earner model, in the case of the breadwinner or single-earner model , essentially only one of the partners is gainfully employed. A partnership in which the part-time partner is only marginally employed and the dependent partner thus has no independent livelihood through gainful employment is sometimes also included in the breadwinner model.

If, on the other hand, both partners are almost equally involved in gainful employment and family work, this is referred to as the dual provider model .

distribution

The statistically far more common form of the additional earning model is the one in which the man works full-time and the woman part-time. This model is also known as the modernized male breadwinner model or the modernized bourgeois model . This distribution of gender roles is associated with a polarization of working hours for men and women. The reverse form, in which women work full-time and men part-time, is less common.

In a high-earning marriage - a marriage in which one spouse works full-time and the other part-time - there is an obligation for both spouses to contribute to the family support according to their income .

In many countries there are tax and social security incentives for the additional earner model. Examples:

  • In Germany , the advantage of spouse splitting is greater, the greater the difference in income between the spouses or life partners. In addition, there is no financial incentive to work little more than the marginal earnings limit of 450 euros, as from this amount the income is fully taxable and the non-contributory family co-insurance is no longer applicable. The Bertelsmann Stiftung criticized that this represented a de minimis trap and called for the de minimis threshold to be converted into an allowance . This should also allow fathers to reduce their working hours and thus distribute household and family work more evenly.
  • In Austria, taxpayers whose partner (spouse or registered partner or domestic partner) has little or no income and who do not live permanently apart from them are entitled to the sole earner tax credit . This does not apply if the partner earns more than 6,000 euros a year.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tax system makes career opportunities for mothers difficult. Mini jobs hinder the compatibility of work and family. Bertelsmann Foundation, November 26, 2010, accessed April 8, 2019 (press release).
  2. ↑ Deductions and allowances for families. Federal Chancellery of Austria, February 9, 2016, accessed on March 13, 2016 .