Dual supplier model

As a dual breadwinner model one is the model of family division of labor referred, in which two partners both responsible for the acquisition of livelihood for a nuclear family and the responsibility for domestic and family work share. It is also called family model of partnership working division , double breadwinner model , dual-earner model or earner two-model referred.

An egalitarian family model is a double provider model, provided that both partners work part-time or full-time with approximately the same amount of time and both participate in housework and family work to an extent that the partners consider to be balanced. The egalitarian family model is also characterized as an egalitarian partnership or an egalitarian division of roles . In this case, one speaks of an egalitarian division of labor (in the sense of an egalitarian distribution of gainful employment and care work).

definition

For couples with children, the dual care model is divided into:

• Dual care model with external childcare or egalitarian-employment-related model - role distribution in which both parents work full-time and external childcare is predominantly used.
• Double carer / double carer model or egalitarian family-related model - role distribution in which both parents work part-time in almost the same proportion and share responsibility for family work as partners.

There are also mixed forms in which both partners almost in full-time employment and are a part of the childcare provided by external forms of care is assured. If both partners have a career orientation, it is also referred to as a dual career couple. Career-oriented couples without children are also known as dinks ( double income no kids ).

The English term adult worker model is also used for a symmetrical model of work and role distribution between the sexes , which is largely similar to the dual provider model ; However, it is emphasized that the individual is in the foreground in the adult worker model and that the assumption is made that the individual is and should be able to provide for his or her own living. The way in which the nursing and care work is carried out - especially the question of which role the state takes on - remains completely open in this designation. Complementary to this, the English term equally shared parenting, coined by the psychologist Francine M. Deutsch, describes a common child-rearing concept as parental teamwork within an egalitarian model, mostly with (long) part-time work or largely autonomous flexible working hours for both parents.

If, on the other hand, one of the partners is employed part-time to a significantly reduced extent and, in return, essentially takes on the tasks of housework and family work, we do not speak of a dual-care model or an egalitarian model, but rather a "modernized breadwinner model" or " additional earner model ".

A specific realization of the egalitarian family-related double breadwinner model is the entirety of a job ( job sharing ) by spouses or partners with children.

Both the dual provider model and the additional earner model require a work-life balance , albeit to a different extent.

Studies

Studies on couples with an egalitarian division of labor

The Institute for Social Research, Analysis and Advice carried out a long-term study among 28 German-speaking Swiss parents with an egalitarian division of roles. A first survey from 1994 on their division of labor, their parenthood and their professional commitment was supplemented by a survey carried out in 2004 on changes within the same test group. In addition, in 2004, there was a survey of the growing children of these parents as well as a comparison group of children from families with “traditional” roles. The survey of the parents showed that among the interviewees there had been comparatively few changes of employer and occupation and divorces or separations. At the same time, these parents had comparatively little career development in terms of hierarchical advancement. Overall, the majority of parents said they were satisfied with their chosen model and wanted to keep it for the future. The result of the questioning of the children showed in particular that parent-child relationships are different depending on how much everyday life the children share with father and mother . According to the results, most of the children valued the parental role model, and the girls from the egalitarian families surveyed particularly benefited from the particularly close relationship with their father.

Another study examined families with an egalitarian-family-related model, taking into account various forms of weekly work organization, according to which mother and father shared family and paid work, for example, in weekly, daily or half-day alternations, and performed a form of work organization in which one of the partners worked at home and there were fluid transitions between family and work responsibilities. Many of the respondents expressed the wish for greater social acceptance of their family model in the work environment.

As a result of another study, ten strategies of families with an egalitarian division of labor were highlighted as important. The strategies mentioned are: Appreciating the family, striving for partnership, finding meaning in work, setting boundaries with regard to gainful employment, purposefulness and productivity at work, pride in the two-earner relationship, prioritizing fun with the family, simple life ( “Living simply” ), proactive decision-making and an appreciation of time. External childcare and a family-friendly workplace are also highlighted as important supporting factors.

Surveys on attitudes in the population

According to the results of a study by the Institute for Economic and Social Sciences (WSI) of the Hans Böckler Foundation, the majority of Germans are in favor of the two-earner model and many parents would like to split up paid work and family work in a partnership. According to the proposals made in the context of these results, a modern working time concept is required in which the male model of normal working time is replaced by “a menu of full- time standards of different lengths” for certain phases of life. For example, the volume of working hours of a “full-time job” would be defined differently depending on age or whether or not people look after children. In addition, it should be considered to support an egalitarian working time distribution with financial incentives. 

With reference to Switzerland, the egalitarian-family-related model is described as the model with the highest growth rates, with the cities in German-speaking Switzerland in particular showing high growth rates. According to studies, this model shows a high level of satisfaction among fathers and mothers and an advantage for the children resulting from greater paternal attention. At the same time, disadvantages with regard to income, social benefits and career advancement opportunities were mentioned, which today often result from part-time work. As a result, the partnership model is primarily reserved for materially and culturally privileged sections of the population.

Compared to the income-earning family

An egalitarian role allocation requires more organizational effort from parents than the traditional role allocation: Regardless of changes in the daily routine, care must be ensured, so that it is necessary to coordinate the work and family responsibilities of both partners accordingly.

Given the same gross family income, there may be a different net family income depending on the type of family division of labor.

• In countries with individual taxation , people are assessed individually regardless of their marital status; With the same household income, there are tax advantages if the income of the partners is roughly the same, as the tax progression then has less of an impact. (In the case of Austria's tax system, which is based on the principle of individual taxation , additional deductions must be taken into account, see National Special Features of Individual Taxation .) In countries with spouse splitting , married couples have a tax advantage over unmarried couples if the income of the spouses is different.
• The non-contributory co-insurance of spouses in the statutory health insurance disadvantages a two-earner couple compared to a single-earner couple with the same household income. For a two-earner couple with average incomes also financial disadvantages of social security contributions arise regarding compared to a Einverdienerpaar with the same household income, wherever the working partners each social security contributions to the level of income threshold have to be paid. In Germany, this applies to pension , unemployment , health and long-term care insurance .
• In Germany , there is an additional financial advantage with regard to taxes and social security contributions if a partner is only marginally employed as an “additional income” .
• In Switzerland , spouses who are both employed can claim a two-income tax deduction, which is intended to take into account the additional costs incurred by the employment of both partners.
• In the case of two-income families, there may be no benefits for a partner who is not or marginally employed.

Even with the granting of entitlements, there may be differences between one- and two-earner couples with previously the same family income.

• Since the granting of basic security requires the neediness of the community of needs as a whole, a single-earner couple represents a higher financial risk for the general public than a two-earner couple. In Germany, in particular, two earners are less likely to receive unemployment benefit II after one of the partners has received unemployment benefit I than with a single earner couple.
• Even the earlier unemployment benefit disadvantaged spouses living together who had both previously been gainfully employed, compared to those of whom only one was gainfully employed, as in the event of unemployment one or both spouses based on the crediting of the partner income stipulated in Section 138 (1) No. 2 AFG at the time fewer funds were made available. The Federal Constitutional Court declared this regulation unconstitutional with the “unemployment assistance ruling” of November 17, 1992. In accordance with this requirement, there is no such income deduction for unemployment benefit I. In contrast to this, the constitutional requirement has not been applied to the structure of unemployment benefit II , as it is a basic security benefit.
• The survivor's pension is also only effective to a lesser extent for two-earner couples, since their own earned or pension income is taken into account .
• In the case of family-related benefits for parents, there may be disadvantages compared to parents with a conventional distribution of roles with medium to higher incomes. This was particularly the case in Germany before the introduction of the Parental Allowance Plus : for example, if both parents took 50% part-time family time , each parent in Germany received less than 50% parental allowance above certain income limits . Critics complained that this put egalitarian family forms at a disadvantage, which is not compatible with the free decision about the division of tasks in marriage . This applies even after the introduction of Elterngeld Plus . In Austria there are similar conditions for childcare allowance .
• In Germany, the recognition is based on raising periods for the state pension at Einverdienermodell: The child-raising period associated with only one parent, and that the person who has the child brought up mostly.

In terms of labor law, there may be disadvantages for a dual pension model.

• Since there are lower maintenance obligations within a family with two employees than with a single-earner family and the criterion of social selection expressly takes into account the amount of maintenance obligations, a two- earner relationship may have a negative effect on job security. However, the type of consideration is at the discretion of the employer, and it has not been conclusively clarified to what extent a negative consideration of the two-earner model is to be classified as inadmissible indirect discrimination.

At the same time, a different situation arises with regard to certain risks:

• The individual livelihood security in the event of separation, divorce or death of the partner is generally less at risk in the case of two-earner couples, since both partners had previously been employed and were thus able to further develop their professional qualifications and, if necessary, their careers. If both partners were gainfully employed, there may be fewer maintenance obligations in the event of separation or divorce, as the partners take on greater responsibility for their own livelihood.

See also

• Double career couple , life phase-oriented working hours
• Family , gender role , breadwinner model , additional earner model

Web links

• Project "Familial division of labor in the countries of the European Union: Country Study Germany", DFG project, State Institute for Family Research at the University of Bamberg and Institute for Sociology at the University of Würzburg ( short version of the project , see also Thirteen Hours Difference - New study shows division of tasks in the household , FAZ , December 5, 2001)
• Birgit Pfau-Effinger: Change in gender culture and gender politics in conservative welfare states - Germany, Austria and Switzerland , 2005
• Anneli Rüling, Karsten Kassner, Peter Grottian: Live gender democracy. Young parents between family politics and everyday experiences , From Politics and Contemporary History (B 19/2004), Federal Agency for Political Education, Chapter “Gender Democracy in Employment and Family Work” , 2004

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Anneli Rüling: Beyond the traditionalization traps. How Parents Share Family and Employment Work , Campus Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-593-38485-6 . Section 3.3 Normative Positions and Explanation of Terms, p. 63 ff.
2. ^ Dorian R. Woods: The "adult worker model" in the USA and Great Britain . In: Sigrid Leitner : Welfare state and gender relations in transition: What comes after the breadwinner model? , VS Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3810039349 , 9783810039347, p. 212
3. ↑ More parents share the workload when mom learns to let go. USA Today, May 4, 2009; accessed November 21, 2009 . 
4. ↑ GERMAN FM Halving It All: How Equally Shared Parenting Works. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-674-36800-2 Quoted from: Sarah Murnen: Halving It All: How Equally Shared Parenting Works. In: The Psychological Record, Winter 2001. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012 ; accessed on November 21, 2009 . 
5. ↑ Parent couples with an egalitarian division of roles: The long-term perspective and the children's perspective. National Research Program 52, accessed November 14, 2009 . 
6. ↑ Margret Bürgisser : Project “Parents with Equal Roles. The long-term perspective and the children's perspective ”. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Www.unifr.ch, archived from the original on September 18, 2009 ; Retrieved November 14, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
7. ↑ Margret Bürgisser, Diana Baumgarten: Parents with an egalitarian division of roles. The long-term perspective and the children's perspective. A project within the framework of NRP 52 Childhood, Youth and Intergenerational Relationships in Social Change. (PDF; 173 kB) (No longer available online.) Genderstudies.unibas.ch, formerly in the original ; Retrieved November 14, 2009 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.    
8. ↑ Laura Affolter, Martina Locher: Raven mothers and washcloths. A study of the egalitarian family-related model. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Institute for Social Anthropology, University of Bern (www.anthro.unibe.ch), July 2007, formerly in the original ; Retrieved November 14, 2009 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.    
9. ↑ SA Haddock, TS Zimmerman, SJ Ziemba, LR Current: Ten adaptive strategies for family and work balance: Advice from successful families , Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, No. 27, pp. 445–458, 2001. Quoted from Klaus A. Schneewind et al: Family life and Professional Work: Conflict and Synergy (FamWork). Household labor, work-family linkages, and family life: A State of the Art Report. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Project HPSE-CT2002-000147, DG Research. January 2004, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 12, 2009 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   P. 18  ( page can no longer be accessed , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
10. ^ Klaus A. Schneewind et al: Family life and Professional Work: Conflict and Synergy (FamWork). Household labor, work-family linkages, and family life: A State of the Art Report. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Project HPSE-CT2002-000147, DG Research. January 2004, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 12, 2009 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   P. 18  ( page can no longer be accessed , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
11. ↑ Parents want shorter working hours - WSI study examines actual and desired working hours of mothers and fathers. (No longer available online.) In: FrauenmachenKarriere.de. Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth, July 7, 2008, formerly in the original ; Retrieved July 30, 2008 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.    
12. ↑ The wish of many parents: distribute working hours more evenly. In: Böckler Impulse 04/2008. Hans Böckler Foundation, accessed on July 30, 2008 . 
13. ↑ Compatibility of gainful employment and family: egalitarian-family-related model with children under 7 years. (No longer available online.) Swiss Confederation, Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel 2010, archived from the original on April 12, 2011 ; Retrieved November 21, 2010 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
14. ↑ Part-time work - full-time man. Portraits of men working part time. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Initiative New Quality of Work (INQA) and Bremen Chamber of Employees, 2009, archived from the original on June 19, 2009 ; Retrieved November 25, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
15. ↑ High earners should pay higher cash contributions. Berliner Zeitung, October 25, 2005, accessed on February 11, 2010 . 
16. ↑ Concise Dictionary of Economics (HdWW), Volume 3, Willi Albers (Ed.), 1981, ISBN 3-525-10258-5 , p. 331
17. ↑ Family Taxation Commission - report of the expert commission on the review of the Swiss system of family taxation. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 19, 2007 ; Retrieved December 6, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In full text: p. 32  
18. ↑ Decision of May 3, 2006 ... regarding job sharing, participation in the costs of occupational benefits. (PDF; 68 kB) Retrieved September 2, 2009 . 
19. ↑ BVerfG, judgment of November 17, 1992, Az. 1 BvL 8/87, BVerfGE 87, 234 - Income offsetting .
20. ↑ Concise Dictionary of Economics (HdWW), Volume 3, Willi Albers (Ed.), 1981, ISBN 3-525-10258-5 , p. 332 f.
21. ^ Statement by the Association of Working Mothers eV (VBM) on the coalition agreement between the CDU, CSU and FDP. (No longer available online.) In: Press release of November 6, 2009. Association of Working Mothers , archived from the original on December 1, 2009 ; Retrieved January 23, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
22. ↑ Sabine Berghahn u. a .: Spousal maintenance and the principle of subsidiarity under social law as obstacles to consistent equality of women in securing livelihoods. Project report (medium version). (PDF; 889 kB) Freie Universität Berlin, January 2007, accessed on October 31, 2009 . P. 71 ff 

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