List of heads of state by term of office

The list names - in chronological order after their inauguration - all currently incumbent heads of state of the sovereign states of the world. Some of the rulers (for example in Brunei) were already in office before taking office. In this case, the date of taking office refers to the date of independence of the state. Heads of state from member states are not listed.

Acting heads of state

Monarchs are in italics in the list .

With a tenure of more than 25 years

Elizabeth II has been queen since 1952 and is currently the longest-serving head of state in the world.

The authoritarian president of Equatorial Guinea, Teodoro Obiang, is the longest-serving non-monarchical head of state

Surname	Country	in office since	Days in office
Elizabeth II	United Kingdom	0Feb 6, 1952	25,041
Haji Hassan al-Bolkiah	Brunei	0Oct. 4, 1967	19,322
Margrethe II.	Denmark	Jan. 14, 1972	17,759
Carl XVI. Gustaf	Sweden	Sep 15 1973	17,149
Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo	Equatorial Guinea	0Aug 3, 1979	15.001
Paul Biya	Cameroon	0Nov 6, 1982	13,810
Yoweri Museveni	Uganda	Jan. 26, 1986	12,633
Mswati III.	Swaziland	Apr 25, 1986	12,544
Ali Khamene'i	Iran	0June 4th 1989	11,408
Hans-Adam II.	Liechtenstein	Nov 13, 1989	11,246
Idriss Déby	Chad	0Dec 2, 1990	10,862
Harald V.	Norway	Jan. 17, 1991	10,816
Emomalij Rahmon	Tajikistan	Nov 20, 1992	10.143
Isayas Afewerki	Eritrea	May 24, 1993	9,958
Alexander Lukashenko	Belarus	July 20, 1994	9,536

With a tenure of more than ten years

Surname	Country	in office since	Days in office
Letsie III.	Lesotho	0Feb. 7, 1996	8,969
Denis Sassou-Nguesso	Republic of the Congo	Oct 25, 1997	8,343
Abdullah II	Jordan	0Feb 7, 1999	7,873
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa	Bahrain	06th Mar 1999	7,846
Ismail Omar Guelleh	Djibouti	0May 8, 1999	7,783
Mohammed VI	Morocco	July 23, 1999	7,707
Paul Kagame	Rwanda	24 Mar 2000	7,462
Bashar al-Assad	Syria	July 17, 2000	7,347
Henri	Luxembourg	0Oct 7, 2000	7,265
Joan Enric Vives i Sicília	Andorra	May 12, 2003	6.318
İlham Əliyev	Azerbaijan	Oct 31, 2003	6,146
Norodom Sihamoni	Cambodia	Oct 14, 2004	5,797
Chalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan	United Arab Emirates	0Nov 3, 2004	5,777
Albert II	Monaco	0Apr 6, 2005	5,623
Faure Gnassingbé	Togo	0May 4, 2005	5,595
Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah	Kuwait	Jan. 29, 2006	5,325
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck	Bhutan	Dec 14, 2006	5,006
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow	Turkmenistan	Dec 21, 2006	4,999
Daniel Ortega	Nicaragua	Jan. 10, 2007	4,979
Ali-Ben Bongo Ondimba	Gabon	Oct 16, 2009	3,969

With a tenure of more than five years

Surname	Country	in office since
Alassane Ouattara	Ivory Coast	0Dec 4, 2010
Alpha Condé	Guinea	Dec 21, 2010
Mahamadou Issoufou	Niger	0Apr 7, 2011
Salva Kiir Mayardit	South Sudan	0July 9, 2011
Jorge Carlos Fonseca	Cape Verde	0Sep 9 2011
Michael D. Higgins	Ireland	Nov 11, 2011
Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi	Yemen	Feb 25, 2012
Sauli Niinistö	Finland	01st Mar 2012
Tupou VI.	Tonga	18 Mar 2012
Macky Sall	Senegal	0Apr 2, 2012
Wladimir Putin	Russia	0May 7, 2012
János Áder	Hungary	May 10, 2012
Borut Pahor	Slovenia	23 Dec 2012
Tommy Remengesau	Palau	Jan. 17, 2013
Nikos Anastasiadis	Cyprus	Feb 28, 2013
Miloš Zeman	Czech Republic	0March 8 2013
Francis	Vatican city	13 Mar 2013
Xi Jinping	People's Republic of China	14 Mar 2013
Uhuru Kenyatta	Kenya	0Apr 9, 2013
Nicolás Maduro	Venezuela	April 19, 2013
Abdul Hamid	Bangladesh	Apr 24, 2013
Willem-Alexander	Netherlands	Apr 30, 2013
Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani	Qatar	June 25, 2013
Nuri Busahmein	Libya	June 25, 2013
Philippe	Belgium	July 21, 2013
Charles Savarin	Dominica	0Oct 2, 2013
Juan Orlando Hernández	Honduras	Jan. 27, 2014
Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi	Egypt	0June 8, 2014
Felipe VI.	Spain	19th June 2014
Reuven Rivlin	Israel	July 24, 2014
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	Turkey	28 Aug 2014
Ashraf Ghani	Afghanistan	29 Sep 2014
Joko Widodo	Indonesia	Oct 20, 2014
Klaus Johannis	Romania	Dec 21, 2014
Filipe Nyusi	Mozambique	Jan 15, 2015
Salman ibn Abd al-Aziz	Saudi Arabia	Jan. 23, 2015
Edgar Lungu	Zambia	Jan. 25, 2015
Sergio Mattarella	Italy	0Feb 3, 2015
Hage Geingob	Namibia	21 Mar 2015
David Arthur Granger	Guyana	May 16, 2015
Muhammadu Buhari	Nigeria	May 29, 2015
Andrzej Duda	Poland	0Aug 6, 2015

With a tenure of less than five years

Surname	Country	in office since
Bidhya Devi Bhandari	Nepal	Oct 29, 2015
John Magufuli	Tanzania	0Nov 5, 2015
George Konrote	Fiji	Nov 12, 2015
Roch Marc Christian Kaboré	Burkina Faso	Dec 29, 2015
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa	Portugal	09 Mar 2016
Taneti Mamau	Kiribati	11th Mar 2016
Faustin Archange Touadéra	Central African Republic	30th Mar 2016
Patrice Talon	Benin	0Apr 6, 2016
Bounnhang curtain	Laos	April 20, 2016
Rodrigo Duterte	Philippines	June 30, 2016
Guðni Th. Jóhannesson	Iceland	0Aug 1, 2016
Evaristo Carvalho	Sao Tome and Principe	03rd Sep 2016
Kersti Kaljulaid	Estonia	Oct 10, 2016
Danny Faure	Seychelles	Oct 16, 2016
Michel Aoun	Lebanon	Oct 31, 2016
Maha Vajiralongkorn	Thailand	0Dec 1, 2016
Shavkat Mirziyoyev	Uzbekistan	Dec 14, 2016
Igor Dodon	Moldova	23 Dec 2016
Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo	Ghana	0Jan. 7, 2017
Adama Barrow	Gambia	Jan. 19, 2017
Donald Trump	United States	Jan. 20, 2017
Rumen Radew	Bulgaria	Jan. 22, 2017
Alexander Van der Bellen	Austria	Jan. 26, 2017
Jovenel Moïse	Haiti	07th Feb 2017
Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed	Somalia	0Feb. 8, 2017
Frank-Walter Steinmeier	Germany	19 Mar 2017
Moon Jae-in	South Korea	May 10, 2017
Emmanuel Macron	France	May 14, 2017
Francisco Guterres	East Timor	20th May 2017
Lenin Moreno	Ecuador	May 24, 2017
Aleksandar Vucic	Serbia	May 31, 2017
Tallis Obed Moses	Vanuatu	06th July 2017
Chaltmaagiin Battulga	Mongolia	July 10, 2017
Vaʻaletoa Sualauvi II.	Samoa	July 21, 2017
Ilir Meta	Albania	July 24, 2017
Ram Nath Kovind	India	July 25, 2017
Halimah Yacob	Singapore	Sep 14 2017
João Lourenço	Angola	26 Sep 2017
Sooronbai Dscheenbekow	Kyrgyzstan	Nov 24, 2017
Emmerson Mnangagwa	Zimbabwe	Nov 24, 2017
George Weah	Liberia	Jan. 22, 2018
Cyril Ramaphosa	South Africa	Feb. 15, 2018
Sebastián Piñera	Chile	11th Mar 2018
Paula Mae Weekes	Trinidad and Tobago	19 Mar 2018
Martín Vizcarra	Peru	23 Mar 2018
Barlen Vyapoory	Mauritius	23 Mar 2018
Win Myint	Myanmar	29 Mar 2018
Mokgweetsi Masisi	Botswana	0April 1, 2018
Julius Maada Bio	Sierra Leone	0Apr 4, 2018
Poor Zarkissyan	Armenia	09 Apr 2018
Miguel Díaz-Canel	Cuba	April 19, 2018
Carlos Alvarado Quesada	Costa Rica	0May 8, 2018
Milo Đukanović	Montenegro	20th May 2018
Ivan Duque	Colombia	07 Aug 2018
Mario Abdo Benítez	Paraguay	15 Aug 2018
Arif Alvi	Pakistan	0Sep 9 2018
Barham Salih	Iraq	0Oct 2, 2018
Nguyễn Phú Trọng	Vietnam	23 Oct 2018
Sahle-Work Zewde	Ethiopia	Oct 25, 2018
Ibrahim Mohamed Solih	Maldives	Nov 17, 2018
Andrés Manuel López Obrador	Mexico	0Dec 1, 2018
Salome Zurabishvili	Georgia	16 Dec 2018
Jair Bolsonaro	Brazil	0Jan. 1, 2019
Andry Rajoelina	Madagascar	Jan. 19, 2019
Félix Tshisekedi	Democratic Republic of Congo	Jan. 24, 2019
Abdullah Shah	Malaysia	Jan. 31, 2019
Qassym-Shomart Toqayev	Kazakhstan	20 Mar 2019
George Vella	Malta	04th Apr 2019
David Panuelo	Micronesia	May 11, 2019
Stevo Pendarovski	North Macedonia	May 12, 2019
Volodymyr Selenskyj	Ukraine	20th May 2019
Nayib Bukele	El Salvador	0June 1, 2019
Zuzana Čaputová	Slovakia	June 15, 2019
Laurentino Cortizo	Panama	01st July 2019
Egils Levits	Latvia	0July 8, 2019
Gitanas Nauseda	Lithuania	12th July 2019
Mohamed Cheikh El Ghazouani	Mauritania	0Aug 1, 2019
Lionel Aingimea	Nauru	27 Aug 2019
Quays Saied	Tunisia	23 Oct 2019
Gotabaya Rajapaksa	Sri Lanka	Nov 18, 2019
Alberto Ángel Fernández	Argentina	10 Dec 2019
Abdelmadjid Tebboune	Algeria	19 Dec 2019
Haitham ibn Tariq	Oman	Jan. 11, 2020
David Kabua	Marshall Islands	Jan. 13, 2020
Alejandro Giammattei	Guatemala	Jan. 14, 2020
Zoran Milanović	Croatia	Feb. 18, 2020
Umaro Sissoco Embaló	Guinea-Bissau	Feb. 27, 2020
Luis Alberto Lacalle Pou	Uruguay	01st Mar 2020
Katerina Sakellaropoulou	Greece	13 Mar 2020
Šefik Džaferović	Bosnia and Herzegovina	20 Mar 2020
Alessandro Mancini , Grazia Zafferani	San Marino	0Apr 1, 2020
Évariste Ndayishimiye	Burundi	June 18, 2020
Lazarus Chakwera	Malawi	June 28, 2020
Chan Santokhi	Suriname	July 16, 2020
Luis Abinader	Dominican Republic	16 Aug 2020

Interim heads of state

Country	Surname	in office since	Remarks
Sudan	Abdel Fattah Burhan	April 12, 2019	The lieutenant general took over the leadership of a transitional council.
Bolivia	Jeanine Áñez	Nov 11, 2019	The second Vice-President of the Senate declared herself interim as the successor to Evo Morales .
Mali	Assimi Goita	19 Aug 2020	After a military coup , the "National Committee for the Welfare of the People" took over the leadership as a transitional council with Assimi Goita as chairman.

special cases

This list shows the heads of state who currently hold this office, but who do so in a special form. Therefore, they cannot simply be included in the list of heads of state by term of office .

De facto heads of state

de jure	de facto	in office since	Country	Remarks
none	Naruhito	01st May 2019	Japan	According to the Japanese constitution , the emperor is merely the “symbol of the state and the unity of the people” and no longer explicitly head of state as it used to be.
none	Changing annually, see Federal President (Switzerland)	January 1st of the current year	Switzerland	The Swiss Federal Constitution has neither a head of state nor a head of government. The Federal President is only a primus inter pares within the Federal Council , a seven-person body elected by Parliament . For a comparison to this list (with the presidents), the term of office as Federal Council would be conceivable (but not directly applicable).

Deceased as heads of state

de jure	in office since	de facto	in office since	Country	Remarks
Kim Il-sung	Dec. 28, 1972	Choe Ryong-hae	April 12, 2019	North Korea	According to the North Korean constitution, Kim Il-sung (died 1994) is perpetual president and therefore still head of state. The chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea has the de facto role.

Absent or raptured as de jure heads of state

de jure	de facto	in office since	Country	Remarks
Muhammad al-Mahdī (in secrecy since 941 AD)	Sayyid Alī Chāmene'ī ( religious leader )	June 4th 1989	Iran	The 1979 constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran names an imam , Muhammad al-Mahdī, who is in a rapt state , as the actual head of state . The clergy prevails on this view only in representation of the imam until his return from obscurity. This vicarious rule of the clergy is called “Velayat-e Faqih” in Persian. The concept goes back essentially to Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and forms the legitimation of the theocratic elements of the constitution. The highest and most powerful office in today's Iranian state is the religious leader. According to Article 5 of the Constitution, he rules as the representative of the expected Imam Muhammad al-Mahdī. "In the Islamic Republic of Iran, during the absence of the raptured 12th Imam - may God that he comes as soon as possible - the leadership mandate (Imamat) and leadership authority (welayat-e-amr) in the affairs of the Islamic community is available to the just, God-fearing, brave legal scholars who are informed about the requirements of the time, capable of leadership to [...] " - Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979

Heads of state of not generally recognized states

Due to the large number of areas and countries that have declared themselves independent ( e.g. Transnistria or Somaliland ), only states are listed here that are internationally recognized by at least one state.

Head of state	in office since	Country	Remarks
Mahmoud Abbas	Jan 15, 2005	State of Palestine	The state of Palestine is one of 138 states recognized by the PLO . Nominal government functions in the Palestinian Territories in the West Bank and Gaza Strip , however, are exercised by the Palestinian Authority , which was established by mutual agreement between the PLO and Israel and which is also chaired by Abbas. Since the autonomous areas are not a sovereign state, their head is not one of such a state. On June 14, 2007, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip and formed its own government there. Thus, the government of Mahmoud Abbas de facto only has control over the areas in the West Bank. The Palestinian Authority and the State of Palestine are institutionally closely linked; the extent to which the Palestinian Authority should be integrated into the state is controversial.
Mustafa Akıncı	Apr 30, 2015	Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	The northern part of the island of Cyprus declared itself independent from the Republic of Cyprus as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as a result of conflicts between Greek and Turkish Cypriots in 1983 . Internationally, Northern Cyprus is only recognized as a sovereign state by Turkey . The UN has annulled the declaration of independence and continues to regard the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Hashim Thaçi	Apr 7, 2016	Kosovo	The former Yugoslav and later Serbian province of Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on February 17, 2008. The area, which is predominantly inhabited by Albanians, has been under UN administration ( UNMIK ) since 1999 . Kosovo is now recognized by 114 of the 193 UN member states ( International Recognition of Kosovo ). Serbia and Russia in particular are opposed to independence. Other states such as Spain or the Republic of Cyprus also reject independence because of the separatist aspirations of minorities in their own country.
Tsai Ing-wen	May 20, 2016	Republic of China (Taiwan)	The Republic of China is one of the two Chinese states alongside the People's Republic of China . Both have in the past claimed to legally represent China. However, this claim is in fact no longer made by the Republic of China on Taiwan. The People's Republic has been the legitimate representative of China at the UN since 1971 (see here ). The republic currently maintains official diplomatic relations with 22 states. It is owned by 12 American states (including Belize , Dominican Republic , Guatemala , Haiti , Panama , Paraguay ), six oceanic states (including Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Solomon Islands ), four African states ( Burkina Faso , Gambia , São Tomé and Príncipe and Swaziland ) and recognized by the Vatican as the only European state.
Brahim Ghali	July 12, 2016	Sahara Arab Democratic Republic (Western Sahara)	1976 called POLISARIO after the withdrawal of Spain , the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic of. In the same year Morocco and Mauritania annexed the territory, which has been largely under Moroccan administration since 1979. The state is currently owned by 45 states recognized , but not by the UN . In Europe only Albania and the SFRY Yugoslavia have recognized the country, both ( Serbia and Montenegro as legal successors to the SFRY) withdrew their recognition in 2004. The country's head of state (the government in exile has its seat in Tindouf , Algeria ) is therefore not a sovereign state.
Anatoly Bibilov	Apr 21, 2017	South Ossetia	The region of South Ossetia, which is part of Georgia under international law , declared its independence in 1991 . In 1992 the former special forces of the Soviet Interior Ministry were withdrawn, which led to fighting between South Ossetians and Georgians. In a ceasefire agreement between Russia and Georgia, the withdrawal of Georgia and the stationing of peacekeeping forces was decided. Georgia began to occupy South Ossetia in early August 2008, and in response Russian troops moved into South Ossetia and also occupied territories in Georgia. On August 12, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced the completion of military operations in Georgia. Like Abkhazia, South Ossetia was recognized by a unanimous decision of the two chambers of the Russian parliament. With the ratification of this decision by President Medvedev on August 26th, South Ossetia is recognized by Russia as a sovereign state. The second state followed on September 5, 2008, Nicaragua with the recognition of South Ossetia.
Aslan Bschania	23 Apr 2020	Abkhazia	The Abkhazia region, which is part of Georgia under international law , declared its independence as early as 1992. In the same year a war broke out between Abkhazian separatists and the Georgian military, which ended in 1994 with a withdrawal of the Georgians and a ceasefire. Since then, the ceasefire has been monitored by Russian troops as peacekeeping forces of the CIS . In March and April 2008 there were renewed tensions with Georgia, which escalated in August in the course of the South Ossetia conflict . On August 26, the Russian President Dmitri Medvedev ratified the unanimous decision of the two chambers of the Russian Parliament, taken on the previous days, to recognize Abkhazia as an independent state at the same time as South Ossetia. Abkhazia is internationally recognized by Russia and, since September 5, 2008, also by Nicaragua as a sovereign state.

Historical heads of state

20th century

The Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej was the longest-serving head of state in the 20th century with a term of over 70 years.

This list names the heads of state of sovereign states of the 20th century with terms of office of more than 20 years. All heads of state whose inauguration took place in 1901 at the earliest and 25 years ago at the latest are listed. As with the currently incumbent heads of state, only the term of office from the independence of a state is given here. The total duration of the term of office is given in years and days, including the day of taking office and the day of the end of the term of office (in case of doubt (leap years) the number of days results from the period from the last anniversary to the end of the term of office).

Surname	Country	Reign	Years / days
Bhumibol Adulyadej	Thailand	1946-2016	70/127
Hirohito	Japan	1926-1989	62/14
Rainier III.	Monaco	1949-2005	55/333
Haakon VII.	Norway	1905-1957	51/277
Franz Josef II.	Liechtenstein	1938-1989	51/112
Qaboos ibn Said	Oman	1970-2020	49/172
Hussein I.	Jordan	1952-1999	46/181
Charlotte	Luxembourg	1919-1964	45/303
Victor Emmanuel III	Italy	1900-1946	45/272
Tanumafili II.	Samoa	1962-2007	45/131
Tribhuvan	Nepal	1911-1950 1951-1955	42/356
Gustav V.	Sweden	1907-1950	42/326
Muammar al-Gaddafi	Libya	1969-2011	42/50
Baudouin I.	Belgium	1951-1993	42/15
Omar Bongo	Gabon	1967-2009	41/193
Mohammed Sahir Shah	Afghanistan	1933-1973	39/221
Haile Selassie	Ethiopia	1930-1936 1941-1974	39/162
Juan Carlos I.	Spain	1975-2014	38/209
Hassan II	Morocco	1961-1999	38/143
José Eduardo dos Santos	Angola	1979-2017	38/16
Gnassingbé Eyadéma	Togo	1967-2005	37/298
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	Iran	1941-1979	37/149
Francisco Franco	Spain	1939-1975	36/233
Taufaʻahau Tupou IV.	Tonga	1970-2006	36/99
Jean	Luxembourg	1964-2000	35/331
Christian X.	Denmark	1912-1947	34/342
Chiang Kai-shek	National China	1928-1931 1943-1949 1950-1975	34
Alfredo Stroessner	Paraguay	1954-1989	34/173
Jigme Singye Wangchuck	Bhutan	1972-2006	34/147
Ali Abdullah Salih	Yemen	1978-2012	33/223
Olav V.	Norway	1957-1991	33/119
Félix Houphouët-Boigny	Ivory Coast	1960-1993	33/35
Beatrix	Netherlands	1980-2013	33/1
Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan	UAE	1971-2004	32/337
Joan Martí Alanís	Andorra	1971-2003	32/103
Juliana	Netherlands	1948-1980	31/238
Mobutu Sese Seko	Congo Zaire	1965-1971 1971-1997	31/175
Fidel Castro	Cuba	1976-2008	31/85
Suharto	Indonesia	1967-1998	31/71
Akihito	Japan	1989-2019	30/113
Habib Bourguiba	Tunisia	1957-1987	30/105
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom	Maldives	1978-2008	30/1
Robert Mugabe	Zimbabwe	1987-2017	29/325
Umar al-Bashir	Sudan	1989-2019	29/285
Birendra	Nepal	1972-2001	29/123
Husni Mubarak	Egypt	1981-2011	29/121
Haxhi Lleshi	Albania	1953-1982	29/114
Yahya Muhammad Hamid ad-Din	Yemen	1918-1948	29/111
Hafiz al-Assad	Syria	1971-2000	29/100
Mathieu Kérékou	Benin	1972-1991 1996-2006	28/163
Hastings Kamuzu Banda	Malawi	1966-1994	27/320
Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa	Bahrain	1971-1999	27/204
William S. Tubman	Liberia	1944-1971	27/203
Josip Broz Tito	Yugoslavia	1953-1980	27/112
Nursultan Nazarbayev	Kazakhstan	1991-2019	27/93
Blaise Compaoré	Burkina Faso	1987-2014	27/17
Kenneth Kaunda	Zambia	1964-1991	27/10
Mikhail Kalinin	RSFSR USSR	1919-1922 1922-1946	26/355
Louis II	Monaco	1922-1949	26/317
France-Albert René	Seychelles	1977-2004	26/295
John Paul II	Vatican city	1978-2005	26/169
Ramon Iglésias Navarri	Andorra	1943-1969	26/26
Urho Kekkonen	Finland	1956-1982	25/333
Chiang Kai-shek	Republic of China	1948-1949, 1950-1975	25/283
Islom Karimov	Uzbekistan	1991-2016	25/1

19th century

The King of Swaziland Sobhuza II is the longest-serving head of state in history with a term of over 82 years.

Surname	Country	Reign	Years
Alexander I.	Russia	1801-1825	24
Franz	Austria	1804-1835	31
Johann I.	Liechtenstein	1805-1836	31
Ferdinand VII.	Spain	1808-1808 1813-1833	20th
Friedrich VI.	Denmark	1808-1839	31
Wilhelm I.	Netherlands Luxembourg	1815-1840	25th
Charles XIV.	Sweden Norway	1818-1844	26th
Nicholas I.	Russia	1825-1855	30th
Mary II	Portugal	1826-1828 1834-1853	21st
Leopold I.	Belgium	1831-1865	34
Peter II	Brazil	1831-1889	58
Isabella II	Spain	1833-1868	35
Alois II.	Liechtenstein	1836-1858	22nd
Victoria	Great Britain	1837-1901	64
Friedrich Wilhelm IV.	Prussia	1840-1861	21st
Pius IX	Papal States	1848-1870	22nd
Franz Joseph	Austria	1848-1916	68
William III.	Netherlands Luxembourg	1849-1890	41
Alexander II	Russia	1855-1881	26th
Johann II.	Liechtenstein	1858-1929	71
Wilhelm I.	Prussia Germany	1861-1888	27
Ludwig	Portugal	1861-1889	28
Christian IX	Denmark	1863-1906	43
Leopold II.	Belgium	1865-1909	44
Oscar II	Sweden Norway	1872-1907 1872-1905	35 33
Porfirio Diaz	Mexico	1876-1876 1877-1880 1884-1911	30th
Umberto I.	Italy	1878-1900	22nd
Alfonso XIII	Spain	1886-1931	45
Wilhelm II.	Prussia Germany	1888-1918	30th
Wilhelmina	Netherlands	1890-1948	58
Nicholas II	Russia	1894-1917	23
Sobhuza II.	Swaziland	1899-1982	83

18th century

Surname	Country	Reign	Years
Clement XI.	Papal States	1700-1721	21st
Philip V.	Spain	1700-1724 1724-1746	46
Johann V.	Portugal	1706-1750	44
Charles VI	HRR	1711-1740	29
Friedrich Wilhelm I.	Prussia	1713-1740	27
Louis XV	France	1715-1774	59
Friedrich	Sweden	1720-1751	31
George II	Great Britain Ireland	1727-1760	33
Karl Friedrich	to bathe	1738-1811	73
Maria Theresa	Hungary	1740-1780	40
Elisabeth	Russia	1741-1762	21st
Franz I.	HRR	1745-1765	20th
Joseph	Portugal	1750-1777	27
Adolf Friedrich	Sweden	1751-1771	20th
Charles III	Spain	1759-1788	29
Friedrich II.	Prussia	1740-1786	46
Friedrich V.	Denmark Norway	1746-1766	20th
George III	Great Britain	1760-1820	60
Catherine II	Russia	1762-1796	34
Joseph II	HRR	1765-1790	25th
Christian VII	Denmark Norway	1766-1808	42
Gustav III	Sweden	1771-1792	21st
Pius VI	Papal States	1775-1798	23
Maria I.	Portugal	1777-1816	39
Charles IV	Spain	1788-1808	20th
Franz	Hungary	1792-1835	43
Friedrich Wilhelm III.	Prussia	1797-1840	43

17th century

Surname	Country	Reign	Years
Jacob I.	England Ireland	1603-1625	22nd
Louis XIII	France	1610-1643	33
Gustav II	Sweden	1611-1632	21st
Philip IV	Spain	1621-1665	44
Urban VIII.	Papal States	1623-1644	21st
Charles I.	England Ireland Scotland	1625-1649	24
Christina	Sweden	1632-1654	22nd
Ferdinand III.	HRR Hungary	1637-1657	20th
Louis XIV	France	1643-1715	72
Friedrich III.	Denmark	1648-1670	22nd
Charles II	Scotland	1649-1651 1660-1685	27
Alfonso VI	Portugal	1656-1683	27
Leopold I.	HRR Hungary	1657-1705	48
Charles II	England Ireland Scotland	1660-1685	25th
Charles XI.	Sweden	1660-1697	37
Charles II	Spain	1665-1700	35
Christian V.	Denmark Norway	1670-1699	29
Peter I.	Russia	1682-1725	43
Peter II	Portugal	1683-1706	23
Charles XII.	Sweden	1697-1718	21st
Friedrich IV.	Denmark Norway	1699-1730	31

16th Century

Surname	Country	Reign	Years
Johanna	Castile Aragon	1504-1555 1516-1555	51 39
Henry VIII	England	1509-1547	38
Jacob V.	Scotland	1513-1542	29
Franz I.	France	1515-1547	32
Charles V	Spain HRR	1516-1556 1519-1556	40 37
Henry II	Navarre	1517-1555	38
Suleyman I.	Ottomans	1520-1566	46
Johann III.	Portugal	1521-1557	36
Gustav I.	Sweden	1523-1560	37
Ferdinand I.	Hungary	1526-1564	38
Christian III	Denmark Norway	1534-1559	25th
Johann II.	Hungary	1540-1570	30th
Maria I.	Scotland	1542-1567	25th
Philip II	Spain	1556-1598	42
Sebastian	Portugal	1557-1578	21st
Elizabeth I.	England Ireland	1558-1603	45
Friedrich II.	Denmark Norway	1559-1588	29
Jacob VI	Scotland	1567-1625	58
Johann III.	Sweden	1568-1592	24
Henry IV.	Navarre France	1572-1610 1589-1610	38 21
Rudolf II.	HRR Hungary	1576-1612 1576-1608	36 32
Christian IV	Denmark Norway	1588-1648	60
Philip III	Spain Portugal	1598-1621	23

15th century

Surname	Country	Reign	Years
Jacob I.	Scotland	1406-1437	31
Johann II.	Castile	1406-1454	48
Sigismund	HRR	1410-1437	27
Erik VII.	Denmark	1412-1439	27
Alfons V.	Aragon	1416-1458	42
Charles VII	France	1422-1461	39
Henry VI.	England	1422-1461 1470-1471	40
John VIII	Byzantium	1425-1448	23
Jacob II	Scotland	1437-1460	23
Alfons V.	Portugal	1438-1481	43
Friedrich III.	HRR	1440-1493	53
Christian I.	Denmark	1448-1481	33
Henry IV.	Castile	1454-1474	20th
Johann II.	Aragon	1458-1479	21st
Matthias I.	Hungary	1458-1490	32
Jacob III	Scotland	1460-1488	28
Edward IV	England	1461-1470 1471-1483	21st
Louis XI.	France	1461-1483	22nd
Isabella I.	Castile	1474-1504	30th
Ferdinand II.	Aragon	1479-1516	37
Johann I.	Denmark	1481-1513	32
Catherine	Navarre	1483-1517	34
Henry VII	England	1485-1509	24
Jacob IV	Scotland	1488-1513	25th
Vladislaus II	Hungary	1490-1516	26th
Maximilian I.	HRR	1493-1519	26th
Manuel I.	Portugal	1495-1521	26th

Heads of State up to the 14th century (selection)

Surname	Country	Reign	Years
Shapur II.	Sassanids	0309- 0379	70
Ramses ii	Egypt	1279-1213 BC Chr.	66
Jacob I.	Aragon	1213-1276	63
Basil II	Byzantium	0963-1025	62
Pepi II.	Egypt	2240-2180 BC Chr.	60
Henry III.	England	1216-1272	56
Alfonso VIII	Castile	1158-1214	56
Psammetich I.	Egypt	664-610 BC Chr.	54
Friedrich I.	Sicily	1198-1250	52
Peter IV	Aragon	1336-1387	51
Alfonso II	Asturias	0791- 0842	51
Sigismund	Hungary	1387-1437	50
John V.	Byzantium	1341-1391	50
Edward III.	England	1327-1377	50
Chlothar I.	Francs	0511- 0561	50
Henry IV.	HRR	1056-1105	49
Johann I.	Portugal	1385-1433	48
Philip I.	France	1060-1108	48
Chosrau I.	Sassanids	0531- 0579	48
Constantine VII	Byzantium	0912- 0959	47
Childebert I.	Francs	0511- 0558	47
Andronikos II.	Byzantium	1282-1328	46
Dionysius	Portugal	1279-1325	46
Alfons I.	Portugal	1139-1185	46
Charles I.	Francs	0768- 0814	46
Chlothar II.	Francs	0584 0629	45
Amasis	Egypt	570-526 BC Chr.	44
Louis IX	France	1226-1270	44
Alfonso VI	Leon	1065-1072 1072-1109	44
Sancho VI.	Navarre	1150-1194	44
Alfons III	Asturias	0866- 0910	44
Philip II	France	1180-1223	43
Louis VII	France	1137-1180	43
Charles VI	France	1380-1422	42
David II	Scotland	1329-1371	42
Alfonso IX	Leon	1188-1230	42
Theodosius II	Rome	0408- 0450	42
Augustus	Rome	27 BC Chr. - 14 AD	41
Charles I.	Hungary	1301-1342	41
Friedrich II.	Sicily	1296-1337	41
Ludwig I.	Hungary	1342-1382	40
Friedrich II.	HRR	1197-1198 1211-1250	40
Sancho VII.	Navarre	1194-1234	40
Garcia I.	Navarre	0931- 0970	39
Charles III	Navarre	1387-1425	38
Charles II	Navarre	1349-1387	38
Alfonso XI	Castile	1312-1350	38
Friedrich I.	HRR	1152-1190	38
Stephan I.	Hungary	1000-1038	38
Chosrau II.	Sassanids	0590- 0628	38
Justinian I.	Byzantium	0527- 0565	38
Manuel I.	Byzantium	1143-1180	37
Alexios I.	Byzantium	1081-1118	37
Ethelred	England	0978-1013 1014-1016	37
Otto I.	HRR	0936- 0973	37
Charles II	Francs	0840- 0877	37
Jacob II	Aragon	1291-1327	36
Sancho III.	Navarre	0999-1035	36
Ludwig II.	Francs	0840- 0876	36
Waldemar IV.	Denmark	1340-1475	35
Jacob II	Mallorca	1276-1311	35
Edward I.	England	1272-1307	35
Bela IV.	Hungary	1235-1270	35
Ferdinand III.	Castile	1217-1352	35
Henry II	England	1154-1189	35
Heinrich I.	England	1100-1135	35
Robert II	France	0996-1031	35
Geiseric	Vandals	0442- 0477	35
Manuel II	Byzantium	1391-1425	34
Constantine V.	Byzantium	0741- 0775	34
Ludwig IV.	HRR	1314-1347	33
Theodoric	Ostrogoths	0493- 0526	33
Charles IV	HRR	1346-1378	32
Alfons IV	Portugal	1325-1357	32
Alfonso X.	Castile	1252-1284	32
Alfonso II	Aragon	1164-1196	32
Lothar	France	0954- 0986	32
Liutprand	Longobards	0712- 0744	32
Johanna I.	Navarre	1274-1305	31
Alfons III	Portugal	1248-1279	31
Ferdinand II.	Leon	1157-1188	31
Alfonso VII	Leon	1126-1157	31
Sancho I.	Aragon	1063-1094	31
Herakleios	Byzantium	0610- 0641	31
Guntram	Francs	0561- 0592	31
Constantine I.	Rome	0306- 0337	31
Andrew II	Hungary	1205-1235	30th
Alfons I.	Aragon	1104-1134	30th
Valentinian III.	Rome	0425- 0455	30th
Philip IV	France	1285-1314	29
Louis VI.	France	1108-1137	29
Heinrich I.	France	1031-1060	29
Alfons V.	Leon	0999-1028	29
Ferdinand I.	Leon	1037-1065	28
Ramiro I.	Aragon	1035-1063	28
Honorius	Rome	0395- 0423	28
Petronella	Aragon	1137-1164	27
Constans II	Byzantium	0641- 0668	27
Thrasamund	Vandals	0496- 0523	27
Anastasios I.	Byzantium	0491- 0518	27
Sancho I.	Portugal	1185-1211	26th
Ludwig I.	Francs	0814- 0840	26th
Leo VI	Byzantium	0886- 0912	26th
Margarethe I.	Denmark	1387-1412	25th
Sancho II.	Portugal	1223-1248	25th
John II	Byzantium	1118-1143	25th
Michael III	Byzantium	0842- 0867	25th
Maria	Sicily	1377-1401	24
Bela III.	Hungary	1172-1196	24
Roger ii	Sicily	1130-1154	24
Eduard	England	1042-1066	24
Sancho II.	Navarre	0970- 0994	24
Romanos I.	Byzantium	0920- 0944	24
Leo III.	Byzantium	0717- 0741	24
Constantius II	Rome	0337- 0361	24
Robert I.	Scotland	1306-1329	23
Wilhelm II.	Sicily	1166-1189	23
Ramiro II.	Aragon	1134-1157	23
Hadrian I.	Papal States	0772- 0795	23
Chilperich I.	Francs	0561- 0584	23
Alaric II	Visigoths	0484- 0507	23
Antoninus Pius	Rome	0138- 0161	23
Tiberius	Rome	0014- 0037	23
Wenceslaus	HRR	1378-1400	22nd
Richard II	England	1377-1399	22nd
Friedrich III.	Sicily	1355-1377	22nd
Philip VI	France	1328-1350	22nd
Alexander III	Papal States	1159-1181	22nd
Sancho IV.	Navarre	1054-1076	22nd
Henry II	HRR	1002-1024	22nd
Theuderich I.	Francs	0511- 0533	22nd
Joan II	Navarre	1328-1349	21st
Geza II.	Hungary	1141-1162	21st
Koloman	Hungary	1095-1116	21st
Wilhelm I.	England	1066-1087	21st
Leo III.	Papal States	0795- 0816	21st
Childebert II.	Francs	0575- 0596	21st
Diocletian	Rome	0284- 0305	21st
Hadrian	Rome	0117- 0138	21st
Jacob III	Mallorca	1324-1344	20th
Edward II	England	1307-1327	20th
Otto IV.	HRR	1198-1218	20th
Sancho I.	Navarre	0905- 0925	20th
Ludwig II.	Francs	0855- 0875	20th
Ramiro II.	Leon	0931- 0951	20th
Maurikios	Byzantium	0582- 0602	20th

Individual references / comments

1. ↑ Elizabeth II is head of state of a total of 16 states, the Commonwealth Realms , in which the legitimate descendant of Sophie von der Pfalz is the owner of the respective crown. Apart from the United Kingdom, these are the following states: Antigua and Barbuda (1981), Australia , Bahamas (1973), Barbados (1966), Belize (1981), Grenada (1974), Jamaica (1962), Canada , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea (1975), Solomon Islands (1978), St. Kitts and Nevis (1983), St. Lucia (1979), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (1979), Tuvalu (1978) (see also here ) . The year numbers indicate the respective year of independence and thus the beginning of the respective monarchies. Australia, Canada and New Zealand were independent before 1952. In her capacity as Queen of New Zealand, Elizabeth II is also the head of state of the Cook Islands and Niue . These two areas are considered to be independent states in "free association with New Zealand". The Cook Islands are recognized by Germany as independent.
2. ↑ Joan Enric Vives i Sicília , as Bishop of Urgell, is at the same time one of the two co- princes of Andorra alongside the French President . Together they form the collective head of state.
3. ^ The French President is at the same time one of the two co- princes of Andorra alongside the Bishop of Urgell . Together they form the collective head of state.
4. ↑ The state presidency of the entire state of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into three parts. It is formed by a member of the Bosniak, Croatian and Serbian ethnic groups. The chairmanship of the State Presidium changes every eight months. Since March 20, 2020, Šefik Džaferović (Bosniak) has held the office of Chairman and is therefore acting President.
5. ↑ Alessandro Mancini and Grazia Zafferani together form the head of state of San Marino as Capitani Reggenti for half a year .
6. ↑ Renate Schmidt: The Velayat-e Faqih In: Azadeh Zamirirad (Hrsg.): The political system of Iran. Potsdam 2011, ISBN 978-3-941880-25-2 , pp. 66-68.
7. ↑ Heinz Halm: The Shiite Islam. From religion to revolution , Munich 1994, pp. 47–50.
8. ↑ ^{a b} After the end of World War II , a new constitution came into force in Japan in 1947 . According to this constitution, the Tennō is not a head of state in the legal sense, he is the "symbol of the state and the unity of the people"
9. ↑ Until April 5, 1963, Malietoa Tanumafili II was together with Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole head of state of West Samoa.
10. ↑ Muammar al-Gaddafi has not held any official posts since 1979, but as a “leader of the revolution” he remained the de facto head of state of Libya.
11. ↑ From 1971 the Republic of China was no longer the legitimate representative of China as a whole at the United Nations. This status was transferred to the People's Republic, which is why Chiang Kai-shek, strictly speaking, from 1971 onwards could no longer be regarded as the head of state of a sovereign state. For an explanation, see also special cases .
12. ↑ Ali Abdullah Salih was President of the Yemeni Arab Republic (North Yemen) from 1978 and became head of state of the united state, the Republic of Yemen , after unification with the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) in 1990 .
13. ↑ ^{a b} Joan Martí Alanís and Ramon Iglésias Navarri, as Bishops of Urgell, were at the same time co- princes of Andorra and thus, together with the President of France , the collective head of state.
14. ↑ Urho Kekkonen is considered to be the continuously democratically elected or re-elected head of state with the longest term in office.
15. ↑ From 1971 the Republic of China was no longer the legitimate representative of China as a whole at the United Nations. This status was transferred to the People's Republic, which is why Chiang Kai-shek, strictly speaking, from 1971 onwards could no longer be regarded as the head of state of a sovereign state. For an explanation, see also special cases .

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