Jazz guitar and Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester: Difference between pages
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{{dablink|For the play, see [[Thomas of Woodstock (play)]].}} |
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{{Infobox British Royalty|royal |
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The term '''jazz guitar''' refers to several aspects of the [[guitar]] as it is used in [[jazz]] and [[jazz fusion]] [[music]]. The term may refer to a '''type of guitar''' or to the variety of '''jazz playing styles''' (e.g. chords, melodies, and improvised solo lines) performed by guitarists in different jazz genres. These jazz guitar styles were developed by decades of influential [[jazz guitarists]]. The [[guitar]] has a long history in [[jazz]] music, both as an ensemble instrument performing chordal accompaniment, and as a solo instrument. |
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| name =Thomas of Woodstock |
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[[Image:Guitard Epiphone 03.jpg|thumb|A hollow-bodied Epiphone guitar with violin-style "F" holes.]] |
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| title =Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Buckingham and Essex |
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In jazz ensembles of the 1920s, the [[banjo]] was the standard stringed, chord-playing rhythm instrument. Even as late as the early 1930s sophisticated jazz orchestras such as [[Duke Ellington]]'s still used a banjo. In the late 1930s, guitar began being used in jazz ensembles to provide rhythmic chordal accompaniment, and by the 1940s, some guitarists began also playing a solo role. In the 1950s, jazz guitar became an important small combo instrument, a role that was continued in the 1960s and 1970s-era [[organ trio]]s. In the 1970s and 1980s, a new language for jazz guitar was developed by the merging of jazz and rock styles in [[jazz fusion]]. |
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| image =Thomas of Woodstock Arms.svg |
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|imgw= 140px |
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| spouse =[[Eleanor de Bohun]] |
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| issue = [[Humphrey Plantagenet, 2nd Earl of Buckingham|Humphrey, Earl of Buckingham]]<br>[[Anne of Gloucester]]<br>Joan Plantagenet<br>[[Isabelle Plantagenet]]<br>[[Philippa Plantagent]] |
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| titles =The Duke of Gloucester<br>The Earl of Buckingham<Br>The Earl of Essex |
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| royal house =[[House of Plantagenet]] |
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| father =[[Edward III of England]] |
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| mother =[[Philippa of Hainault]] |
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| date of birth = [[7 January]] [[1355]] |
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| place of birth = [[Woodstock Palace]], [[Oxfordshire]] |
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| date of death = [[8 September]] [[1397]] (aged 42) |
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| place of death = [[Calais]], [[Pale of Calais]] |
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|}} |
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'''Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester''' ([[January 7]] [[1355]] – [[September 8]] (or 9), 1397) was the thirteenth and youngest child of King [[Edward III of England]] and Queen [[Philippa of Hainault|Philippa]]. He was the fifth of the five sons of Edward III who survived to adulthood. |
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==Early life== |
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Thomas was born after two short-lived sons, one of whom had also been baptised Thomas. He was born at [[Woodstock Palace]] in [[Oxfordshire]]. He married [[Eleanor de Bohun]] in 1376, and inherited the title [[Earl of Essex]] from his father-in-law, [[Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford]]. Woodstock's wife's younger sister, [[Mary de Bohun]], was subsequently married to Henry "Bolingbroke," who eventually became [[Henry IV of England]]. |
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At the age of 22, in 1377, Woodstock was created [[Earl of Buckingham]]. In 1385 he received the title [[Duke of Aumale]], and at about the same time was created [[Duke of Gloucester]]. |
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==Type of guitar== |
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While jazz can be played on any type of guitar, from an acoustic instrument to a solid-bodied electric guitar such as a Fender Stratocaster, the archtop guitar has become known as the prototypical "jazz guitar." [[Archtop guitar]]s are steel-string acoustic guitars with a big soundbox, arched top, violin-style "F" holes, a "floating bridge" and magnetic or piezoelectric pickups. Early makers of jazz guitars included Gibson, Epiphone, D'Angelico and Stromberg. |
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==Dispute with King Richard II== |
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The earliest guitars used in jazz were acoustic. While acoustic guitars are still sometimes used in jazz, most jazz guitarists since the 1940s have performed on an amplified [[electric guitar]], typically an archtop with a [[magnetic pickup]]. In the 1990s, there was a resurgence of interest among jazz guitarists in acoustic archtop guitars with floating pickups. Sitka spruce, European spruce, and Engelmann spruce are most often used for the resonant tops of archtop and flattop guitars, although some guitar builders use Adirondack Spruce (Red Spruce), or Western Red Cedar. Archtop guitars often have Curly Maple or Quilted Maple backs. |
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Thomas was the leader of the [[Lords Appellant]], a group of powerful nobles whose ambition to wrest power from King [[Richard II of England]] (Thomas' nephew) culminated in a successful rebellion in 1388, which significantly weakened the king's power. Richard II managed to dispose of the Lords Appellant in 1397, and Thomas was imprisoned in [[Calais]] to await trial for treason. He was, however, murdered the same year by [[Nicholas Colfox]], presumably on behalf of Richard II, causing an outcry amongst the nobility of England which is considered by many to have added to Richard's unpopularity. |
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==Heirs== |
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Mass-produced archtop guitars are made by several different manufacturers. There are also a smaller number of handmade archtop and flattop guitars made on a small scale. Builders of handmade guitars take about six months to make each jazz guitar. Builders have to spend time choosing the maples, spruces and exotic woods, building the instrument, adding decorative inlays and purfling, and applying a hand-rubbed lacquer finish. <ref>AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 2004 51 50 INSIDE NORTHSIDE |
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Thomas and his wife had one son and four daughters. Following his murder his title was forfeit and did not pass to his son, Humphrey. |
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http://www.fosterguitars.com/Jimmy-Foster-ISNS.pdf</ref> The most expensive archtop guitars may have a range of high-end features, such as "boutique" pickups with hand-wound magnets, wooden volume and tone knobs, and built-in condenser microphones, piezoelectric pickups, and preamplifiers. |
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His eldest daughter, [[Anne of Gloucester]], married into the powerful Stafford family, who were Earls of [[Earl of Stafford|Stafford]] and Dukes of [[Duke of Buckingham|Buckingham]], and four generations after Thomas, the disposition of the [[Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford|de Bohun]] estates may have been a motivating factor in the involvement of [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]] in plots against the crown during the period of [[Richard III of England|Richard III]]. She later married into the Bourchier family (the [[Earl of Bath|Earls of Bath]]) and established a long American line of descendants. |
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==Playing styles== |
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Jazz guitar playing styles include "comping" with jazz chord voicings (and in some cases , walking basslines) and "blowing" (improvising) over jazz chord progressions with jazz-style phrasing and ornaments. |
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==Titles, styles, honours and arms== |
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===Comping=== |
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===Arms=== |
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When jazz guitarists play chords underneath a song's melody or another musician's solo improvisations, it is called "[[comping]]", a portmanteau of "[[accompanying]]" and complementing. The accompanying style in most jazz styles differs from the way chordal instruments accompany in many popular styles of music. In many popular styles of music, such as rock and pop, the [[rhythm guitar]]ist usually performs the chords in rhythmic fashion which sets out the beat or groove of a tune. In contrast, in many modern jazz styles, the guitarist plays much more sparsely, interminging periodic chords and delicate voicings into pauses in the melody or solo, and using periods of silence. |
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As Duke of Gloucester, Thomas had use of the coat of arms of the kingdom, differenced by a ''bordure argent''.<ref>[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family]</ref> |
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Jazz guitarists use their knowledge of [[jazz theory]] and harmony to create jazz chord "voicings," which are usually rootless and which emphasize the 3rd and 7th notes of the chord. Some more sophisticated chord voicings also include the 9th, 11th, and 13th notes of the chord. In some modern jazz styles, dominant 7th chords in a tune may contain altered 9ths (either flattened by a semitone, which is called a "flat 9th", or sharpened by a semitone, which is called a "sharp 9th"); 11ths (sharpened by a semitone, which is called a "sharp 11th"); 13ths (typically flattened by a semitone, which is called a "flat 13th"). |
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Jazz guitarists need to learn about a range of different chords, including Major 7th, Major 6th, minor 7th, minor (with Major 7th) dominant 7th, [[diminished chord|diminished]], [[half-diminished seventh chord|half-diminished]], and augmented chords. As well, they need to learn about chord transformations (e.g., altered chords, such as "alt dominant chords" described above), [[chord substitution]]s, and re-harmonization techniques. Some jazz guitarists use their knowledge of jazz scales and chords to provide a [[walking bass]]-style accompaniment. |
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Jazz guitarists learn to perform these chords over the range of different [[chord progression]]s used in jazz, such as the II-V-I progression, the jazz-style [[12 bar blues|blues progression]], the minor jazz-style blues form, the "[[rhythm changes]]" progression, and the variety of chord progressions used in jazz ballads, and [[jazz standard]]s. Guitarists may also learn to use the chord types, strumming styles, and effects used in 1970s-era jazz-latin, jazz-funk, and jazz-rock fusion music. |
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===Improvising=== |
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When jazz guitar players [[improvisation|improvise]], they use the scales, modes, and arpeggios associated with the chords in a tune's chord progression. Jazz guitarists have to learn how to use scales (whole tone scale, chromatic scale, etc.) to solo over chord progressions. Jazz guitar improvising is not merely the recitation of jazz scales and rapid arpeggios. Jazz guitarists need to learn to use these basic building blocks of scales and arpeggio patterns and integrate them into balanced rhythmic and melodic phrases that make up a cohesive solo. |
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Jazz guitarists often try to imbue their melodic phrasing with the sense of natural breathing and legato phrasing used by horn players such as saxophone players. As well, a jazz guitarists' solo improvisations have to have a rhythmic drive and "timefeel" that creates a sense of "[[swing]]" and "groove." The most experienced jazz guitarists learn to play with different "timefeels" such as playing "ahead of the beat" or "behind the beat," to create or release tension. |
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Another aspect of the jazz guitar style is the use of stylistically appropriate ornaments, such as grace notes, slides, and muted notes. Each sub-genre or era of jazz has different ornaments that are part of the style of that sub-genre or era. Jazz guitarists usually learn the appropriate ornamenting styles by listening to prominent recordings from a given style or jazz era. |
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Some jazz guitarists also borrow ornamentation techniques from other jazz instruments, such as [[Wes Montgomery]]'s borrowing of playing melodies in parallel octaves, which is a jazz piano technique. Jazz guitarists also have to learn how to add in passing tones, use "guide tones" and chord tones from the chord progression to structure their improvisations, and create "chord solos" by adding the song's melody on top of the chord voicings. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references/> |
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{{reflist}} |
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* Columbia Encyclopedia - [http://www.bartleby.com/65/gl/GloucsT.html Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, duke of] |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of jazz guitarists]] |
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* [[Jazz guitarists]] |
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*[[Swing (jazz performance style)]] |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.classicjazzguitar.com/ Classic Jazz Guitar]: information about the best of the classic jazz guitarists and their music from the 1930s, 1940s, abd 1950s. |
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*[http://eden.rutgers.edu/~pfelton/ Introductory Jazz Guitar]: Rutgers University website |
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*[http://www.geocities.com/lzapped The Jazz Chameleon]: Growing number of free Jazz guitar and jazz theory lessons |
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[[Category:Jazz instruments]] |
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[[el:Θωμάς του Γούντστοκ]] |
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Revision as of 21:34, 12 October 2008
| Thomas of Woodstock | |
|---|---|
| Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Buckingham and Essex | |
 | |
| Spouse | Eleanor de Bohun |
| Issue | Humphrey, Earl of Buckingham Anne of Gloucester Joan Plantagenet Isabelle Plantagenet Philippa Plantagent |
| House | House of Plantagenet |
| Father | Edward III of England |
| Mother | Philippa of Hainault |
Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (January 7 1355 – September 8 (or 9), 1397) was the thirteenth and youngest child of King Edward III of England and Queen Philippa. He was the fifth of the five sons of Edward III who survived to adulthood.
Early life
Thomas was born after two short-lived sons, one of whom had also been baptised Thomas. He was born at Woodstock Palace in Oxfordshire. He married Eleanor de Bohun in 1376, and inherited the title Earl of Essex from his father-in-law, Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford. Woodstock's wife's younger sister, Mary de Bohun, was subsequently married to Henry "Bolingbroke," who eventually became Henry IV of England.
At the age of 22, in 1377, Woodstock was created Earl of Buckingham. In 1385 he received the title Duke of Aumale, and at about the same time was created Duke of Gloucester.
Dispute with King Richard II
Thomas was the leader of the Lords Appellant, a group of powerful nobles whose ambition to wrest power from King Richard II of England (Thomas' nephew) culminated in a successful rebellion in 1388, which significantly weakened the king's power. Richard II managed to dispose of the Lords Appellant in 1397, and Thomas was imprisoned in Calais to await trial for treason. He was, however, murdered the same year by Nicholas Colfox, presumably on behalf of Richard II, causing an outcry amongst the nobility of England which is considered by many to have added to Richard's unpopularity.
Heirs
Thomas and his wife had one son and four daughters. Following his murder his title was forfeit and did not pass to his son, Humphrey.
His eldest daughter, Anne of Gloucester, married into the powerful Stafford family, who were Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham, and four generations after Thomas, the disposition of the de Bohun estates may have been a motivating factor in the involvement of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham in plots against the crown during the period of Richard III. She later married into the Bourchier family (the Earls of Bath) and established a long American line of descendants.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Arms
As Duke of Gloucester, Thomas had use of the coat of arms of the kingdom, differenced by a bordure argent.[1]
References
- Columbia Encyclopedia - Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, duke of