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'''Lego Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Brick''' is a [[Lego]] movie that aired on [[Cartoon Network]] from [[May 10]], [[2008]]. All four chapters can be seen at the Lego Indiana Jones page on the Cartoon Network website, as well as on the [[Lego Indiana Jones]] website. This film is presented in a computer-animated 3-D style.
{{Infobox Language
|name = Turkish
|nativename = {{lang|tr|Türkçe}}
|pronunciation = [ˈt̪yɾkˌtʃe]
|familycolor = Altaic
|states = [[Albania]], [[Azerbaijan]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Taylor & Francis Group|title=Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2004|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2003|language=English|isbn=978-1857431872| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&pg=PT134&dq=1999+census+azerbaijan+turkish&lr=&hl=en&sig=lhkBOxL4bArgFBJRuOgLYxVfRUA| pages=p. 114|accessdate=2008-03-26}}</ref>, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Iraq]], [[Kosovo]], [[Lebanon]], [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Moldova]], [[Montenegro]], [[Northern Cyprus]], [[Palestine]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Serbia]], [[Syria]], <ref> name="Turkish Weekly Aksiyon">{{cite web |url=http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detay.php?id=22997 |title=Syrian Turks}}</ref> [[Turkey]], [[Uzbekistan]],</br> and by immigrant communities in [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[The Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and other countries of the [[Turkish diaspora]]
|speakers = over 63 million worldwide
|region = [[Anatolia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Balkans]], [[Caucasus]], [[Central Europe]], [[Western Europe]]
|fam1 = [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] ([[Altaic language#Controversy|controversial]])
|fam2 = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
|fam3 = [[Oghuz languages|Southwestern Turkic (Oghuz)]]
|fam4 = Western Oghuz
|script = [[Latin alphabet]] ([[Turkish alphabet|Turkish variant]])
|nation = {{flag|Turkey}},</br>{{flag|Cyprus}},</br>{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}<ref name="TRNC Deputy Prime Ministry and Ministry of Foreign Affairs Public Relations Department">{{cite web |url=http://www.trncinfo.com/TANITMADAIRESI/2002/ENGLISH/ALLaboutTRNC/Page02.htm |title=Introductory Survey}}</ref>{{smallsup|*}}</br>{{flag|Republic of Macedonia}}{{smallsup|**}}<br/>{{flag|Kosovo}}{{smallsup|***}}<br /> {{smallsup|*}}<small>See [[Cyprus Dispute]].</small><br />{{smallsup|**}}<small>In municipalities with more than 20% Turkish speakers.</small><br />{{smallsup|***}}<small>Turkish is one of [[regional language]]s.</small>
|agency = [[Turkish Language Association]]
|iso1 = tr
|iso2 = tur
|iso3 = tur
|map = [[Image:MapOfTurkishSpeakers.png|center|315px]]<br/><center><small>Countries with significant Turkish-speaking populations<br/>(Click on image for the legend)</center></small>


==Plot==
}}
{{Cleanup|date=May 2008}}


===Chapter 1===
'''Turkish''' (''{{lang|tr|Türkçe}}'' [[Help:IPA|IPA]] {{Audio-IPA|Turkce.ogg|[ˈt̪yɾktʃe]}}) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide,<ref name="Languages of the World">{{cite book |last=Katzner |first=Kenneth |title=The Languages of the World |origyear=1977 |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/The-Languages-of-the-World-isbn9780415250047 |accessdate=2008-09-11 |edition=3rd edition |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-25004-8 |pages=pg 153 |quote=...language of Turkey, spoken by about 60 million...also some 750,000 speakers in Bulgaria, 150,000 in Cyprus, and 100,000 in Greece…in Germany, numbering over 2 million people...}}</ref> making it the most commonly spoken of the [[Turkic languages]]. Its speakers are located predominantly in [[Turkey]] and [[Cyprus]], with smaller groups in [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Kosovo]], and other parts of [[Eastern Europe]]. Turkish is also spoken by several million immigrants in [[Western Europe]], particularly in [[Germany]].
''Raiders of the Lost Brick'' opens up with [[Indiana Jones]] and Satipo in a jungle. The two face several traps along the way including a pit, but Indy and Satipo continue their journey. When Indiana Jones has to get across tiles that lead to the altar with the idol, he dances on them, leaving Satipo a bit confused. Once he crossed the tiles, Indy grabs the idol and runs as the temple collapses. Satipo crosses the pit first, and gestures for the idol in exchange for giving Indy the whip. Indy throws the idol, but it hits Satipo in the head and knocks him out. Indy then builds a bridge out of Lego pieces to get across the pit, and once he crosses it he retrieves the whip and idol. The boulder trap is triggered, but Indy was able to escape. Once outside of the temple, he finds René Belloq waiting for him with two Hovitos warriors. Suddenly, the boulder crashes through the doorway where it was stuck and flattens René Belloq and the Hovitos, as Indy jumps away into Jock's seaplane, where Indy is seen with a check list and crosses "Idol" off the list.
The roots of the language can be traced to [[Central Asia]], with the first written records dating back nearly 1,200 years. To the west, the influence of [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]—the immediate precursor of today's Turkish—spread as the [[Ottoman Empire]] expanded. In [[1928]], as one of [[Atatürk's Reforms]] in the early years of the [[Republic of Turkey]], the [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman script]] was replaced with a phonetic variant of the [[Latin alphabet]]. Concurrently, the newly-founded [[Turkish Language Association]] initiated a drive to reform the language by removing [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[loanword]]s in favor of native variants and coinages from Turkic roots.


===Chapter 2===
The distinctive characteristics of Turkish are [[vowel harmony]] and extensive [[agglutination]]. The basic word order of Turkish is [[Subject Object Verb]]. Turkish has a [[T-V distinction]]: second-person plural forms can be used for individuals as a sign of respect. Turkish also has no [[noun class]]es or [[grammatical gender]].
Indiana Jones and [[Marion Ravenwood]] are seen in a tomb with the [[Ark of the Covenant]]. As they try to fend off snakes, two German soldiers hoist the Ark out of the tomb. Indy and Marion build a Lego elevator to escape the tomb. Indy and Marion safely get out of the tomb , and Indy goes on a horse to chase the truck that has the Ark. Indiana spots his father, Henry Jones Sr., reading a book on a motorcycle. Indiana jumps into the motorcycle and drives it. German soldiers on motorcycles drive toward the Joneses. Indiana grabs a flag, knocks down both soldiers, and then uses his whip to get himself on top of the truck. The driver stops abruptly, and Indiana falls onto the hood of the truck. He pulls a piece of the hood off and falls, and goes under the truck until he reappears clinging to his whip, which is still hanging there from when he got on the truck. The grill of the truck breaks off and goes under it. Indiana gets onto the grill and surfs on it, then leaps into the truck, and knocks the two German soldiers, a toilet, and a [[Imperial stormtrooper|Stormtrooper]] from ''[[Star Wars]]'' out of the truck. Indiana gets to the driver and pushes him out as well. Indiana drives the truck, and his father then joins him to ride off into the distance.


==Classification==
===Chapter 3===
This scene opens up with Indy riding an amphibious vehicle in a river in a jungle. [[Mutt Williams]] comes out of a pitched tent and is delighted to see Indy coming back, but when Indy's vehicle gets on land and accidentally runs over Mutt's motorcycle, Mutt gets angry briefly. Indy shows Mutt the checklist with "Idol" and "Ark" checked off. The only unchecked item on the list is "skull", and the two journey in the jungle. Suddenly, a rumbling sound is heard in the distance, and cutting through the jungle is [[Irina Spalko]] on a jungle cutter, laughing maniacally and waving her sword. The two run from and escape the cutter by falling into a ditch. They find themselves on a mine car, which runs down a track, around a rollercoaster-style loop and out a door that literally says "END OF RIDE". The jungle cutter has found the two again, and they continue running from it. When they go under an archway and the jungle cutter tries to follow, it crashes. Spalko is thrown off the vehicle. The destroyed jungle cutter forms a new machine with a saw blade, and Indy and Mutt decide to cut some [[pepperoni]] with it. Later, Indiana and Mutt arrive at the temple entrance, but two natives stop them. They point to Indy, then Mutt, and then to a sign that says a person had to be as tall as a part of their spear to enter. Mutt is too short to go in, much to Indy's laughter, but he is able to go in anyway. Inside the temple, Indiana and Mutt run from spears (which eventually hit a dart board) until they come across a mirror. Indy’s reflection is [[Han Solo]] (because both Indiana Jones and Han Solo were played by [[Harrison Ford]]), and Mutt's reflection is of [[Chewbacca]].Later, while Irina and Mutt are in a sword duel, Indy takes the Crystal Skull from one of the skeletons. The temple collapses behind the two, probably leaving Irina to be crushed, and a close-up shows the skull as the movie ends.
{{Main|Turkic languages|Altaic languages}}


===Chapter 4===
Turkish is a member of the Turkish, or Western, subgroup of the [[Oghuz languages]], which includes [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] and [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]. The Oghuz languages form the Southwestern subgroup of the [[Turkic languages]], a language family comprising some 30 living languages spoken across [[Eastern Europe]], [[Central Asia]]. and [[Siberia]]. Some linguists believe the Turkic languages to be a part of a larger [[Altaic languages|Altaic language family]].<ref name="Ethnologue Altaic">{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Altaic|accessdate=2007-03-18|year=2005}}</ref> About 40% of Turkic language speakers are Turkish speakers.<ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld">Katzner</ref> The characteristic features of Turkish, such as [[vowel harmony]], [[agglutination]], and lack of [[grammatical gender]], are universal within the Turkic family and the Altaic languages.<ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld"/> There is a high degree of [[mutual intelligibility]] between Turkish and the other Oghuz languages, including [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], and [[Balkan Gagauz Turkish language|Balkan Gagauz Turkish]].<ref name="Language Materials Project">{{cite web|publisher=[[UCLA]] International Institute, Center for World Languages|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004|title=Language Materials Project: Turkish|accessdate=2007-04-26|month=February | year=2007}}</ref>
On Cartoon Network and on its website, Chapter 3 replays and then Chapter 4 starts. But on the Lego Indiana Jones website, Chapter 3 does not repeat itself, as all four chapters are presented in the order they were released.


There is a party at Indy's place. Mutt puts the Crystal Skull on a string together with other lanterns and seems to be a good bug electrifier. The idol is used as a [[candle]] and the Ark is used as a [[grill (cooking)|grill]].While Henry Jones Sr. (using the [[Holy Grail]] as a cup) clinks glasses with Mutt’s cup. It is then revealed that the film was being watched in a movie theater by Lego versions of [[Steven Spielberg]] and [[George Lucas]], who nod at each other as the movie ends and give each other a high-five.
[[Image:Kyzyl orkhon inscription.jpg|thumb|left|80px|[[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]] inscription with the [[Orkhon script]] (c. 8th century). [[Kyzyl]], [[Russia]]]]

==History==
{{seealso|Turkic people|History of the Turkic peoples}}

The earliest known Turkic inscriptions reside in modern [[Mongolia]]. The Bugut inscriptions written in the [[Sogdian alphabet]] during the [[Göktürks|First Göktürk Khanate]] are dated to the second half of the [[6th century]].<ref name="Bazin">Bazin (1975), 37-45</ref><ref name="Alyilmaz">{{cite book|last=Alyılmaz|first=Cengiz|editor=Matteo, C., Paola, R., Gianroberto, S.|title=Eran ud Aneran. Studies presented to Boris Il'ic Marsak on the occasion of his 70/th birthday|chapter=On the Bugut Inscription and Mausoleum Complex|isbn=8875431051|url= http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/alyilmaz.html|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-06-28|year=2006|publisher=Cafoscarina|location=Venice}}</ref> The two monumental [[Orkhon inscriptions]], erected in honour of the prince [[Kul Tigin]] and his brother Emperor [[Bilge Khan]] and dating back to some time between [[732]] and [[735]], constitute another important early record. After the discovery and excavation of these monuments and associated stone slabs by [[Russians|Russian]] archaeologists in the wider area surrounding the [[Orkhon Valley]] between [[1889]] and [[1893]], it became established that the language on the inscriptions was the [[Old Turkic language]] written using the [[Orkhon script]], which has also been referred to as "Turkic runes" or "runiform" due to an external similarity to the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] [[runic alphabet]]s.<ref name="Ishjatms">Ishjatms</ref>

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="center"
! style="background:#CFCFCF;" | ''Old Turkic (Göktürkçe/Köktürkçe)''
|-
|Türk Oğuz beğleri, budun, eşidin; üze Kök Tengri basmasar, asra yir telinmeser, Türk budun, ilinin, törünün kim artatı(r)?
|-
! style="background:#CFCFCF;" | ''Modern Turkish''
|-
| Türk Oğuz beyleri, ulus, işitin; üzeride Gök Tanrı basmasa, altta yer delinmese, Türk ulusu, ülkeni, töreni kim atar?
|-
|}

With the [[Turkic expansion]] during [[Early Middle Ages]] (c. 6th–11th centuries), peoples speaking Turkic languages spread across [[Central Asia]], covering a vast geographical region stretching from [[Siberia]] to [[Europe]] and the [[Mediterranean]]. The [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuqs]] of the [[Oghuz Turks]], in particular, brought their language, [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz Turkic]]—the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language—into [[Anatolia]] during the [[11th century]].<ref name="Findley">Findley</ref> Also during the 11th century, an early [[linguistics|linguist]] of the Turkic languages, [[Mahmud al-Kashgari|Kaşgarlı Mahmud]] from the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]], published the first comprehensive Turkic language dictionary and map of the geographical distribution of Turkic speakers in the ''Compendium of the Turkic Dialects'' (Ottoman Turkish: ''Divânü Lügati't-Türk'').<ref name="Soucek">Soucek</ref>

===Ottoman Turkish===
{{Main|Ottoman Turkish language}}
Following the adoption of [[Islam]] c. 950 by the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] and the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq Turks]], who are both regarded as the cultural ancestors of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], the administrative language of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. [[Turkish literature]] during the Ottoman period, particularly [[Ottoman poetry|Ottoman Divan poetry]], was heavily influenced by Persian, including the adoption of poetic meters and a great quantity of imported words. The literary and official language during the [[Ottoman Empire]] (c. 1299–1922) was a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably from the period's everyday spoken Turkish and is termed [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]].

===Language reform and modern Turkish===
[[Image:Literacy-1924-Turkey.png|Literacy rates before the language reform in [[Turkey]] (1927). The literacy rates rose to 48.4% among males and 20.7% among females in 1950.<ref name=popindex>{{cite journal |last=Taeuber|first=Irene B.|year=1958|month=April|title=Population and Modernization in Turkey|journal=Population Index|volume=24|issue=2|pages=110|id={{OCLC|41483131}}|accessdate=2007-04-27|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0032-4701%28195804%2924%3A2%3C101%3APAMIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z|laysummary=http://www.jstor.org/journals/00324701.html|laysource=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/2731516}}</ref>|thumb|right|250px]]
After the foundation of the [[Republic of Turkey]] and the [[#Writing system|script reform]], the [[Turkish Language Association]] (TDK) was established in 1932 under the patronage of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], with the aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly-established association was to initiate a [[language reform]] to replace [[loanword]]s of Arabic and Persian origin with Turkish equivalents.<ref>See Lewis (2002) for a thorough treatment of the Turkish language reform.</ref> By banning the usage of imported words in the press, the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language. While most of the words introduced to the language by the TDK were newly derived from [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] roots, it also opted for reviving Old Turkish words which had not been used for centuries.<ref name="TDK History"/>

Due to this sudden change in the language, older and younger people in Turkey started to differ in their vocabularies. While the generations born before the 1940s tend to use the older terms of Arabic or Persian origin, the younger generations favor new expressions. It is particularly ironic that Atatürk himself, in his lengthy [[Nutuk|speech]] to the new [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Parliament]] in 1927, used a style of Ottoman diction which today sounds so alien that it has had to be "translated" three times into modern Turkish: first in 1963, again in 1986, and most recently in 1995.<ref>See Lewis (2002): 2–3 for the first two translations. For the third see {{cite web|author=Bedi Yazıcı|url=http://www.nutuk.org/|title=Nutuk: Özgün metin ve çeviri (Atatürk's Speech: original text and translation)|accessdate=2007-09-28}}{{tr icon}}</ref> There is also a political dimension to the language debate, with conservative groups tending to use more archaic words in the press or everyday language.

The past few decades have seen the continuing work of the TDK to coin new Turkish words to express new concepts and technologies as they enter the language, mostly from [[English language|English]]. Many of these new words, particularly [[information technology]] terms, have received widespread acceptance. However, the TDK is occasionally criticized for coining words which sound contrived and artificial. Some earlier changes—such as ''bölem'' to replace ''fırka'', "political party"—also failed to meet with popular approval (in fact, ''fırka'' has been replaced by the French loanword ''parti''). Some words restored from [[Old Turkic]] have taken on specialized meanings; for example ''betik'' (originally meaning "book") is now used to mean "[[Scripting language|script]]" in [[computer science]].

Many of the words derived by TDK coexist with their older counterparts. This usually happens when a loanword changes its original meaning. For instance, ''dert'', derived from the Persian ''dard'' (درد "pain"), means "problem" or "trouble" in Turkish; whereas the native Turkish word ''ağrı'' is used for physical pain. Sometimes the loanword has a slightly different meaning from the native Turkish word, giving rise to a situation similar to the coexistence of [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Romance languages|Romance]] words in English (see [[List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents]]). Among some of the old words that were replaced are terms in [[geometry]], [[cardinal directions]], some months' names, and many nouns and adjectives. Some examples of modern Turkish words and the old loanwords are:

{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! align=left | Ottoman Turkish
! align=left | Modern Turkish
! align=left | English translation
! align=left | Comments
|- valign=top
|-
|müselles || ''üçgen'' || triangle || Compound of the noun ''üç'' ("three") and the very old Turkic noun ''gen'' ("tension", "side")
|-
|tayyare || ''uçak'' || airplane || Derived from the verb ''uçmak'' ("to fly"). The word was first proposed to mean "airport".
|-
|nispet || ''oran'' || ratio || The old word is still used in the language today together with the new one. Modern word is from [[Old Turkic]] verb ''or-'' (to cut).
|-
|şimal || ''kuzey'' || north || Derived from the [[Old Turkic]] noun ''kuz'' ("cold and dark place", "shadow"). The word is restored from [[Middle Turkic]] usage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mütercim Asım|title=Burhân-ı Katı Tercemesi|location=İstanbul|year=1799}}{{tr icon}}</ref>
|-
|teşrinievvel || ''ekim'' || October || The noun ''ekim'' means "the action of planting", referring to the planting of cereal seeds in autumn, which is widespread in Turkey
|}
{{mainlist|List of replaced loanwords in Turkish}}

==Geographic distribution==
{{seealso|Turkish diaspora}}

<!--NOTICE: Please do not remove/change the following image (Image:TurkishRoadSign-WelcomeToEurope Modified.jpg) as it is referred from within the text to illustrate some linguistic concepts-->[[Image:TurkishRoadSign-WelcomeToEurope Modified.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Road sign at the European end of the [[Bosphorus Bridge]] in [[Istanbul]]. (Photo taken during the 28th [[Eurasia Marathon]] in 2006)]]<!-- COPYEDITOR'S NOTE: I think you should move this to the Vowel Harmony section--see note there for more info. -->

Turkish is natively spoken by the [[Turkish people]] in Turkey and by the [[Turkish diaspora]] in some 30 other countries. In particular, Turkish-speaking minorities exist in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the [[Ottoman Empire]], such as [[Bulgaria]], [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]] (primarily in [[Western Thrace]]), the [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Romania]], and [[Serbia]].<ref name="Ethnologue Turkish">{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tur|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:tur (Turkish)|accessdate=2007-03-18|year=2005}}</ref> More than two million Turkish speakers live in [[Germany]], and there are significant Turkish-speaking communities in [[France]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Switzerland]], and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Turks in the European Union">{{cite web|author=[http://www.zft-online.de Center for Studies on Turkey], [[University of Essen]]|publisher=Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association|url=http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf|title=The European Turks: Gross Domestic Product, Working Population, Entrepreneurs and Household Data|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-01-06|year=2003}}</ref> Due to the [[cultural assimilation]] of Turkish immigrants in host countries, not all ethnic Turkish immigrants speak the language with native fluency.

The number of native speakers in Turkey is about 60 million, corresponding to about 90 percent of the population. There are roughly another 10 million native speakers worldwide.<ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld"/><ref name="Eurobarometer">{{Citation|author=[http://www.tns-opinion.com TNS Opinion & Social]|publisher=[[European Commission]] Directorate of General Press and Communication|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer 243 / Wave 64.3: Europeans and their Languages|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-28|date=February 2006}}</ref> Turkish is spoken as a first or second language by almost all of Turkey's residents, with [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] making up most of the remainder (about 3,950,000 as estimated in 1980).<ref name="Ethnologue Kurdish">{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kmr|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:kmr (Kurdish)|accessdate=2007-03-18|year=2005}}</ref> However, even most linguistic minorities in Turkey are bilingual, speaking Turkish as a second language to levels of native fluency.

===Official status===
Turkish is the official language of [[Turkey]] and is one of the official languages of [[Cyprus]]. It also has official (but not primary) status in the [[Prizren District]] of [[Kosovo]] and several municipalities of the [[Republic of Macedonia]], depending on the concentration of Turkish-speaking local population.

In Turkey, the regulatory body for Turkish is the [[Turkish Language Association]] (''Türk Dil Kurumu'' or TDK), which was founded in 1932 under the name ''Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti'' ("Society for Research on the Turkish Language"). The Turkish Language Association was influenced by the ideology of [[linguistic purism]]: indeed one of its primary tasks was the replacement of loanwords and foreign grammatical constructions with equivalents of Turkish origin.<ref>The name TDK itself exemplifies this process. The words ''tetkik'' and ''cemiyet'' in the original name are both Arabic loanwords (the final ''-i'' of ''cemiyeti'' being a Turkish possessive suffix); ''kurum'' is a native Turkish word based on the verb ''kurmak'', "set up, found".</ref> These changes, together with the adoption of the new [[Turkish alphabet]] in 1928, shaped the [[#Language reform and modern Turkish|modern Turkish language]] spoken today. TDK became an independent body in 1951, with the lifting of the requirement that it should be presided over by the Minister of Education. This status continued until August 1983, when it was again made into a governmental body in the [[Constitution of Turkey|constitution of 1982]], following the military [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|coup d'état of 1980]].<ref name="TDK History">{{cite web|author=Turkish Language Association|authorlink=Turkish Language Association|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD|title=Türk Dil Kurumu - Tarihçe (History of the Turkish Language Association)|accessdate=2007-03-18|}}{{tr icon}}</ref>

===Dialects===
[[Image:Tu-map.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of Turkey]]

[[Istanbul]] Turkish is established as the official [[standard language]] of Turkey. Dialectal variation persists, in spite of the [[Dialect levelling|levelling]] influence of the standard used in [[mass media]] and the [[Education in Turkey|Turkish education system]] since the 1930s.<ref name="Johanson">{{cite paper|author=Johanson, Lars|title=Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|year=2001|url=http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> Academically, researchers from Turkey often refer to Turkish dialects as ''ağız'' or ''şive'', leading to an ambiguity with the linguistic concept of [[Accent (linguistics)|accent]], which is also covered with these same words. Projects investigating Turkish dialects are being carried out by several universities, as well as a dedicated work group of the [[Turkish Language Association]]. Work is currently in progress for the compilation and publication of their research as a comprehensive dialect [[atlas]] of the Turkish language.<ref name="Dialects Workshop">Özsoy</ref><ref name="Dialects TDK">{{cite journal|last=Akalın|first=Şükrü Halûk|title=Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)|journal=Türk Dili|issn= 1301-465X|volume=85|issue=613|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-18|year=2003|month=January}}{{tr icon}}</ref>

The standard dialect of the Turkish language is ''İstanbul''. ''Rumelice'' is spoken by [[Immigration to Turkey|immigrants]] from [[Rumelia]], and includes the distinct dialects of [[Deliorman]], Dinler, and Adakale, which are influenced by the theoretized [[Balkan linguistic union]]. ''Kıbrıs'' is the name for [[Cypriot Turkish]] and is spoken by the [[Turkish Cypriots]]. ''Edirne'' is the dialect of [[Edirne]]. ''Ege'' is spoken in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] region, with its usage extending to [[Antalya]]. The nomadic [[Yörük]] tribes of the [[Mediterranean Region, Turkey|Mediterranean Region]] of Turkey also have their own dialect of Turkish.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shashi|first=Shyam Singh|title=Encyclopaedia of Humanities and Social Sciences|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=1992|language=English
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4T0oAAAAMAAJ&q=yoruk+turkish+taurus&dq=yoruk+turkish+taurus&lr=&hl=en&pgis=1|pages=p. 47|accessdate=2008-03-26}}</ref> This group is not to be confused with the Yuruk nomads of [[Macedonia]], [[Greece]], and European Turkey who speak [[Balkan Gagauz Turkish language|Balkan Gagauz Turkish]].

''Güneydoğu'' is spoken in the southeast, to the east of [[Mersin]]. ''Doğu'', a dialect in [[Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey|Eastern Anatolia]], has a [[dialect continuum]] with [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]], particularly with [[Karapapak]] dialects in some areas. The [[Central Anatolia Region, Turkey|Central Anatolia]] region speaks ''Orta Anadolu''. ''Karadeniz'', spoken in the Eastern [[Black Sea Region, Turkey|Black Sea Region]] and represented primarily by the [[Trabzon]] dialect, exhibits [[substratum]] influence from [[Greek language|Greek]] in [[phonology]] and [[syntax]].<ref name="Brendemoen">{{Citation|last=Brendemoen|first=B.|contribution=Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon|date=1996|title=Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February, 1996}}</ref> ''Kastamonu'' is spoken in [[Kastamonu]] and its surrounding areas. The [[Hemşince|Hemşinli dialect]], known as ''Hemşince'', is spoken by the eastern group of [[Hamshenis]] around [[Artvin]], influenced by [[Armenian language|Armenian]].<ref name="Hamshenis">{{cite paper|author=[[Bert Vaux|Vaux, Bert]]|title=Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|url=http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-04-24|year=2001}}</ref> ''Karamanlıca'' is spoken in [[Greece]], where it is also named ''Kαραμανλήδικα'' (Karamanlidika). It is the literary standard for [[Karamanlides]].

==Sounds==
{{IPA notice}}
{{main|Turkish phonology}}
{{dablink|See [[Turkish alphabet]] for a pronunciation guide}}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Consonant phonemes of Standard Turkish'''
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio-</br>dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post-</br>alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align=center
|[[Plosive]]s
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|t̪}}
| {{IPA|d̪}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|
|- align=center
|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Flap consonant|Tap]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɾ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|j}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɫ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

The phoneme {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, usually referred to as ''yumuşak g'' ("soft g"), ''[[ğ]]'' in Turkish [[orthography]], actually represents a rather weak front-velar or palatal approximant between front vowels. It never occurs at the beginning of a word, but always follows a vowel. When word-final or preceding another consonant, it lengthens the preceding vowel.<ref name="IPA 1999" />

In native Turkic words, the sounds {{IPA|/c/}}, {{IPA|/ɟ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}} are in [[complementary distribution]] with {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}, and {{IPA|/ɫ/}}; the former set occurs adjacent to front vowels and the latter adjacent to back vowels. The distribution of these [[phoneme]]s is often unpredictable, however, in foreign borrowings and proper nouns. In such words, {{IPA|/c/}}, {{IPA|/ɟ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}} often occur with back vowels:<ref>Lewis (2001):3-4,6.</ref> some [[Turkish language#Writing system|examples]] are given below.

When a vowel is added to many nouns ending with postvocalic <k>, the <k> becomes <ğ> by consonant [[alternation (linguistics)|alternation]]. A similar alternation applies to certain loan-words ending in <nowiki><p> and <t>, which become <b> and <d></nowiki>, respectively, with the addition of a vowel.<ref>The <k>/<ğ> alternation does not usually apply to monosyllabic nouns. Lewis (2001):10.</ref> This is because the final {{IPA|//ɡ//}}, {{IPA|//d//}}, and {{IPA|//b//}} consonants of these words lose their voicing when not followed by a vowel.

===Vowels===
{| align="right"
!align="right"|IPA chart for Turkish vowels
|-
|[[Image:Turkish vowel chart.png]]
|}

The vowels of the Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, ''a'', ''e'', [[Turkish dotted and dotless I|''ı'']], [[Turkish dotted and dotless I|''i'']], ''o'', ''ö'', ''u'', and ''ü''. Undotted <ı> is the [[close back unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɯ]}}.<ref>"Americans will recognize in it the first vowel of ''M'''i'''ssouri'' as pronounced by a native of that state." Lewis (2001):13. </ref> There are no [[diphthongs]] in Turkish; when two vowels come together, which occurs rarely and only with [[loanword]]s, each vowel retains its individual sound. However, a slight diphthong can occur when two vowels surround a ''yumuşak g''. For example, the word ''soğuk'' ("cold") can be pronounced /soʊk/ (resembling the English ''soak'') by some speakers.

===Vowel harmony===
{{Details|Vowel harmony}}

The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being two-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by two features: [[Vowel backness|front/back]] and [[Roundedness|rounded/unrounded]]. Vowel harmony is the principle by which a native Turkish word incorporates either exclusively [[back vowel]]s (''a'', ''ı'', ''o'', and ''u'') or exclusively [[front vowel]]s (''e'', ''i'', ''ö'', and ''ü''). The pattern of vowels is shown in the table below.<ref>Note that this table is essentially the same as the IPA vowel chart shown above: both table and chart indicate the physical location and quality of each vowel.</ref>

{| align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em"
|+ Turkish vowels
|-
! || colspan="2" | Front || colspan="2" | Back
|-
! || Unrounded || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
! High
| ''i'' || ''ü'' || ''ı'' || ''u''
|-
! Low
| ''e'' || ''ö'' || ''a'' || ''o''
|-
|}

Grammatical [[affix]]es have "a [[chameleon]]-like quality",<ref>Lewis (1953):21</ref> and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony:
*'''twofold (''-e/-a'')''':<ref>For the terms ''twofold'' and ''fourfold'', as well as the superscript notation, see Lewis (1953):21–22. In his more recent works Lewis prefers to omit the superscripts, on the grounds that "there is no need for this once the principle has been grasped" (Lewis [2001]:18).</ref> the [[locative]] suffix, for example, is ''-de'' after front vowels and ''-da'' after back vowels. The notation ''-de''² is a convenient shorthand for this pattern.
*'''fourfold (''-i/-ı/-ü/-u'')''': the [[genitive]] suffix, for example, is ''-in'' or ''-ın'' after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and ''-ün'' or ''-un'' after the corresponding rounded vowels. In this case, the shorthand notation ''-in''<sup>4</sup> is used.

The following examples, based on the [[Turkish copula|copula]] ''-dir''<sup>4</sup> ("[it] is"), illustrate the principles of vowel harmony in practice: ''Türkiye''''dir''''' ("it is Turkey"),<ref>In modern Turkish orthography, an apostrophe is used to separate proper names from any suffixes.</ref> ''kapı'''dır''''' ("it is the door"), bu ''gün'''dür''''' ("it is the day"), ''palto'''dur''''' ("it is the coat").

There are some exceptions to the rules of vowel harmony. In [[compound words]], the vowels need not harmonize between the constituent words of the compound. Forms like ''bu+gün'' ("today") or ''baş+kent'' ("capital") are permissible. In addition, vowel harmony does not apply in [[loanword]]s and some invariant affixes, such as ''-yor'' (present tense) and ''-bil-'' (potential). Some loanwords do, however, exhibit partial or even complete vowel harmony (e.g. ''mümkün'' "possible" < Arabic ''mumkin''; and ''dürbün'' "binoculars" < Persian ''dūrbīn'').<ref>In Lewis's marvellously precise formulation, "The effect of vowel harmony extends to non-Turkish words too, bringing as many vowels as possible of a foreign borrowing into one class, or pressing a foreign borrowing whose vowels happen to be all of one class still further into Turkish form." Lewis (2001): 17.</ref> There are also a few native Turkish words that do not follow the rule, such as ''anne'' ("mother"). In such words, suffixes harmonize with the final vowel: thus ''annedir'' ("she is a mother"). Many loanwords from Arabic and French, however, take front-vowel suffixes after final back vowels: for example ''halsiz'' < ''hal'' + ''-siz<sup>4</sup>'' "listless", ''meçhuldür'' < ''meçhul'' + ''-dir<sup>4</sup>'' "it is unknown", ''harfler'' < ''harf'' + ''-ler²'' "(alphabetical) letters" (instead of the expected *''halsız'', *''meçhuldur'' and *''harflar'').

The [[#Geographic distribution|road sign in the photograph]] above illustrates several of these features:<!-- COPYEDITOR'S NOTE: Perhaps the road sign image should move here, so the user doesn't have to break their visual "read line" to follow your example? As it is currently, you have to scroll up significantly. Also, you might consider putting the image on the right side of the article, for better visual balance. -->
*a native compound which does not obey vowel harmony: ''Orta+köy'' ("middle village"—a place name)
*a loanword also violating vowel harmony: ''viyadük'' ("viaduct" < French ''viaduc'')
*the possessive suffix'' -i''<sup>4</sup> harmonizing with the final vowel (and softening the ''k'' by consonant [[alternation (linguistics)|alternation]]): ''viyadüğü''

=== Stress ===
[[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] is usually on the last syllable.<ref name="IPA 1999">''Handbook of the IPA'', p. 155</ref> Exceptions include some [[suffix]] combinations and [[loanword]]s, particularly from
[[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Modern Greek language|Greek]], as well as many proper names. While such loanwords are usually stressed on the penultimate syllable ({{IPA|[ɫoˈkanta]}} ''lokanta'' "restaurant" or {{IPA|[isˈcele]}} ''iskele'' "quay"), the stress of proper names is less predictable ({{IPA|[isˈtanbuɫ]}} ''İstanbul'', {{IPA|[ˈaŋkaɾa]}} ''Ankara'').

==Grammar==
{{main|Turkish grammar}}

Turkish is an [[agglutinative language]] and frequently uses [[affix]]es, and specifically suffixes, or endings.<ref>This section draws heavily on Lewis (2001) and, to a lesser extent, Lewis (1953). Only the most important references are specifically flagged with footnotes.</ref> One word can have many affixes and these can also be used to create new words, such as creating a verb from a noun, or a noun from a verbal root (see the section on [[#Word formation|Word formation]]). Most affixes indicate the grammatical function of the word.<ref>see Lewis (2001) Ch XIV.</ref>
The only native prefixes are [[alliteration|alliterative]] intensifying syllables used with adjectives or adverbs: for example '''''sım'''sıcak'' ("boiling hot" < ''sıcak'') and '''''mas'''mavi'' ("bright blue" < ''mavi'').<ref>"The prefix, which is accented, is modelled on the first syllable of the simple adjective or adverb but with the substitution of '''m, p, r''', or '''s''' for the last consonant of that syllable." Lewis (2001):55. The prefix retains the first vowel of the base form and thus exhibits a form of reverse vowel harmony.</ref>

The extensive use of affixes can give rise to long words. It is jokingly said that the longest Turkish word is ''Çekoslovakyalılaştıramadıklarımızdanmışsınız'', meaning "You are said to be one of those that we couldn't manage to convert to a Czechoslovak". This example is of course contrived; but long words do frequently occur in normal Turkish, as in this heading of a newspaper obituary column: ''Bayramlaşamadıklarımız'' (Bayram [festival]-Recipr-Impot-Partic-Plur-PossPl1; "Those of our number with whom we cannot exchange the season's greetings").<ref>This "splendid word" appeared at the time of ''Bayram'', the festival marking the end of the [[Ramadan|month of fasting]]. Lewis (2001):287.</ref>

=== Nouns ===
There is no [[definite article]] in Turkish, but definiteness of the object is implied when the accusative ending is used (see below). Turkish nouns decline by taking case-endings, as in [[Latin]]. There are six [[Declension|noun cases]] in Turkish, with all the endings following vowel harmony (shown in the table using the shorthand [[#Vowel harmony|superscript notation]]. The [[plural]] marker ''-ler''² immediately follows the noun before any case or other affixes (e.g. ''köylerin'' "of the villages").

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Case
!rowspan="2"|Ending
!colspan="2"|Examples
!rowspan="2"|Meaning
|-
!''köy'' "village"
!''ağaç'' "tree"
|-
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
|Ø (none)
|''köy''
|''ağaç''
|(the) village/tree
|-
|[[Genitive case|Genitive]]
|''-in''<sup>4</sup>
|''köyün''
|''ağa'''c'''ın''
|the village's/tree's<br/>of the village/tree
|-
|[[Dative case|Dative]]
|''-e''²
|''köye''
|''ağa'''c'''a''
|to the village/tree
|-
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
|''-i''<sup>4</sup>
|''köyü''
|''ağa'''c'''ı''
|the village/tree
|-
|[[Ablative case|Ablative]]
|''-den''²
|''köyden''
|''ağaç'''t'''an''
|from the village/tree
|-
|[[Locative case|Locative]]
|''-de''²
|''köyde''
|''ağaç'''t'''a''
|in the village/on the tree
|}

The accusative case marker is used only for definite objects; compare ''ağaç gördük'' "we saw '''a''' tree" with ''ağacı gördük'' "we saw '''the''' tree".<ref>Because it is also used for the indefinite accusative, Lewis uses the term "absolute case" in preference to "nominative". Lewis (2001):28.</ref> The plural marker ''-ler''² is not used when a class or category is meant: ''ağaç gördük'' can equally well mean "we saw trees [as we walked through the forest]"—as opposed to ''ağaçları gördük'' "we saw the trees [in question]".

The declension of ''ağaç'' illustrates two important features of Turkish phonology: consonant [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] in [[suffix]]es (''ağaç'''t'''an, ağaç'''t'''a'') and [[voice (phonetics)|voicing]] of final consonants before vowels (''ağa'''c'''ın, ağa'''c'''a, ağa'''c'''ı'').

Additionally, nouns can take suffixes that assign [[grammatical person|person]]: for example ''-imiz''<sup>4</sup>, "our". With the addition of the [[Turkish copula|copula]] (for example ''-im''<sup>4</sup>, "I am") complete sentences can be formed. The [[interrogative word|interrogative]] particle ''mi''<sup>4</sup> immediately follows the word being questioned: ''köye mi?'' "[going] to the village?", ''ağaç mı?'' "[is it a] tree?".

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
|-
|''ev''
|align="right"|(the) house
|-
|''evler''
|align="right"|(the) houses
|-
|''evin''
|align="right"|your house
|-
|''eviniz''
|align="right"|your (pl./formal) house
|-
|''evim''
|align="right"|my house
|-
|''evimde''
|align="right"|at my house
|-
|''evlerinizin''
|align="right"|of your houses
|-
|''Evinizdeyim.''
|align="right"|I am at your house.
|-
|''Evinizde miyim?''
|align="right"|Am I at your house?
|}

The Turkish [[personal pronouns]] in the nominative case are ''ben'' (1s), ''sen'' (2s), o (3s), biz (1pl), siz (2pl, or formal/polite 2s), and onlar (3pl). They are declined regularly with some exceptions: ''benim'' (1s gen.); ''bizim'' (1pl gen.); ''bana'' (1s dat.); ''sana'' (2s dat.); and the oblique forms of ''o'' use the root ''on''. All other pronouns (reflexive ''kendi'' and so on) are declined regularly.

==== Linking nouns (''Tamlama'') ====

Two nouns, or groups of nouns, may be joined in either of two ways:

*definite (possessive) compound (''belirtili tamlama''). Eg ''Türkiye'nin sesi'' "the voice of Turkey (radio station)": the voice belonging to Turkey. Here the relationship is shown by the genitive ending ''-in''<sup>4</sup> added to the first noun; the second noun has the third-person suffix ''-(s)i''<sup>4</sup>.

*indefinite (qualifying) compound (''belirtisiz tamlama''). Eg ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'' "Turkey-Republic<ref>Lewis points out that "an indefinite izafet group can be turned into intelligible (though not necessarily normal) English by the use of a hyphen". Lewis (2001): 42.</ref> = the Republic of Turkey": not the republic belonging to Turkey, but the Republic that is Turkey. Here the first noun has no ending; but the second noun has the ending ''-(s)i''<sup>4</sup>—the same as in definite compounds.

The following table illustrates these principles.<ref>The examples are taken from Lewis (2001): 41-47.</ref> In some cases the constituents of the compounds are themselves compounds: these subsidiary compounds are marked with [square brackets].

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em"
|+ Linked nouns and noun groups
|-
! Definite (possessive) || Indefinite (qualifier) || Complement || Meaning
|-
| ''kimsenin'' || || ''yanıtı'' || nobody's answer
|-
| || ''kimse'' || ''yanıtı'' || the answer "nobody"
|-
| ''Atatürk'ün'' || || ''evi'' || Atatürk's house
|-
| || ''Atatürk'' || ''Bulvarı'' || Atatürk Boulevard (named after, not belonging to, Atatürk)
|-
| ''Orhan'ın'' || || ''adı'' || Orhan's name
|-
| || ''Orhan'' || ''adı'' || the name "Orhan"
|-
| || ''R'' || ''sessizi'' || the consonant ''r''
|-
| [''R sessizi'']''nin'' || || ''söylenişi'' || pronunciation of the consonant ''r''
|-
| || ''Türk'' || [''Dil Kurumu''] || Turkish language-society
|-
| || [''Türk Dili''] || ''Dergisi'' || Turkish-language review
|-
| || ''Ford'' || [''aile arabası''] || Ford family car
|-
| ''Ford'un'' || || [''aile arabası''] || (Mr) Ford's family car
|-
| [''Ford ailesi'']''nin'' || || ''arabası'' || the Ford family's car<ref>For other possible permutations of this vehicle, see Lewis (2001):46.</ref>
|-
| || ''Ankara'' || [''Kız Lisesi'']<ref>"It is most important to note that the third-person suffix is not repeated though theoretically one might have expected ''Ankara [Kız Lisesi]si''." Lewis (2001): 45 footnote.</ref> || Ankara Girls' School
|-
| || [''yıl sonu''] || ''sınavları'' || year-end examinations
|-
| ''Bulgaristan'ın'' || || [''İstanbul Başkonsolosluğu''] || the Istanbul Consulate-General of Bulgaria (located in Istanbul, but belonging to Bulgaria)
|-
| || [ [''İstanbul Üniversitesi''] [''Edebiyat Fakültesi''] ] || [ [''Türk Edebiyatı''] ''Profesörü''] || Professor of Turkish Literature in the Faculty of Literature of the University of Istanbul
|-
| || ''ne oldum'' || ''delisi'' || "what-have-I-become!"<ref>Note the similarity with the French phrase ''un m'as-tu-vu'' "a have-you-seen-me?", ie a vain and pretentious person.</ref> madman = [[parvenu]] who gives himself airs
|}

As the last example shows, the qualifying expression may be a substantival sentence rather than a noun or noun group.<ref>The term ''substantival sentence'' is Lewis's. Lewis(2001:257).</ref>

=== Adjectives ===
Turkish adjectives are not [[declension|declined]]. However most adjectives can also be used as nouns, in which case they are declined: e.g. ''güzel'' ("beautiful") → ''güzeller'' ("(the) beautiful ones / people"). Used attributively, adjectives precede the nouns they modify. The adjectives ''var'' ("existent") and ''yok'' ("non-existent") are used in many cases where English would use "there is" or "have", ''e.g.'' ''süt yok'' ("there is no milk", ''lit.'' "(the) milk (is) non-existent"); the construction "''noun 1''-GEN ''noun 2''-POSS var/yok" can be translated "''noun 1'' has/doesn't have ''noun 2''"; ''imparatorun elbisesi yok'' "the emperor has no clothes" ("(the) emperor-''of'' clothes-''his'' non-existent"); ''kedimin ayakkabıları yoktu'' ("my cat had no shoes", ''lit.'' "cat-''my''-''of'' shoe-''plur.''-''its'' non-existent-''past tense''").

===Verbs===
{{seealso|Turkish copula}}
Turkish verbs indicate [[Grammatical person|person]]. They can be made negative, potential ("can"), or impotential ("cannot"). Furthermore, Turkish verbs show [[Grammatical tense|tense]] ([[Present tense|present]], [[Past tense|past]], [[Grammatical mood#Inferential|inferential]], [[Future tense|future]], and [[aorist]]), [[Grammatical mood|mood]] ([[Conditional mood|conditional]], [[Imperative mood|imperative]], necessitative, and [[Optative mood|optative]]), and [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]]. Negation is expressed by the [[infix]] ''-me²-'' immediately following the stem.

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
|-
|''gel-''
|align="right"|(to) come
|-
|''gelebil-''
|align="right"|(to) be able to come
|-
|''gelme-''
|align="right"|not (to) come
|-
|''geleme-''
|align="right"|(to) be unable to come
|-
|''gelememiş''
|align="right"|Apparently (s)he couldn't come
|-
|''gelebilecek''
|align="right"|(s)he'll be able to come
|-
|''gelebilirsen''
|align="right"|if you can come
|-
|''gelinir''
|align="right"|(passive) one comes, people come
|}

All Turkish verbs are conjugated in the same way, except for the irregular and [[defective verb]] ''i-'', the [[Turkish copula]], which can be used in compound forms (the shortened form is called an [[enclitic]]): ''Gelememişti'' = ''Gelememiş idi'' = ''Gelememiş + i- + -di''

=== Participles ===
Turkish has several [[participle]]s, including present (with the ending ''-en''²), future (''-ecek''²), indirect/inferential past (''-miş''<sup>4</sup>), and [[aorist]] (-''er''² or -''ir''<sup>4</sup>). These forms can function as either adjectives or nouns: ''oynamayan çocuklar'' "children who do not play", ''oynamayanlar'' "those who do not play"; ''okur yazar'' "reader-writer = literate", ''okur yazarlar'' "literates".

The most important function of participles is to form modifying phrases equivalent to the [[relative clause]]s found in most European languages. The participles used in these constructions are the future (''-ecek''²) and an older form (-''dik''<sup>4</sup>), which covers both present and past meanings.<ref>See Lewis (2001):163–165, 260–262 for an exhaustive treatment.</ref> The use of these "personal" or "relative" participles is illustrated in the following table, in which the examples are presented according to the grammatical case which would be seen in the equivalent English relative clause.<ref>For the terms ''personal'' and ''relative'' participle see Lewis (1958):98 and Lewis (2001):163 respectively. Most of the examples are taken from Lewis (2001).</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|English equivalent
!rowspan="2"|Example
!colspan="2"|Translation
|-
!Case of relative pronoun
!Pronoun
!Literal
!Idiomatic
|-
|Nominative
|who, which/that
|''şimdi konuşan adam''
|"now speaking man"
|the man (who is) now speaking
|-
|Genitive
|whose (nom.)
|''babası şimdi konuşan adam''
|"father-his now speaking man"
|the man whose father is now speaking
|-
|
|whose (acc.)
|''babasını dün gördüğüm adam''
|"father-his-ACC yesterday seen-my man"
|the man whose father I saw yesterday
|-
|
|at whose
|''resimlerine baktığımız ressam''
|"pictures-his-to looked-our artist"
|the artist whose pictures we looked at
|-
|
|of which
|''muhtarı seçildiği köy''
|"mayor-its been-chosen-his village"
|the village of which he was elected mayor
|-
|
|of which
|''muhtarı seçilmek istediği köy''
|"mayor-its to-be-chosen wishing-his village"
|the village of which he wishes to be elected mayor
|-
|Remaining cases (incl. prepositions)
|whom, which
|''yazdığım mektup''
|"written-my letter"
|the letter (which) I wrote
|-
|
|from which
|''çıktığımız kapı''
|"emerged-our door"
|the door from which we emerged
|-
|
|on which
|''geldikleri vapur''
|"come-their ship"
|the ship they came on
|-
|
|which + subordinate clause
|''yaklaştığını anladığı hapishane günleri''
|"approach-their-ACC understood-his prison days-its"
|the prison days (which) he knew were approaching<ref>This more complex example from [[Orhan Pamuk]]'s ''Kar'' (''[[Snow (novel)|Snow]]'') contains a nested structure: <nowiki>[</nowiki>''which he knew'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>''were approaching''<nowiki>]]</nowiki>. [[Maureen Freely]]'s more succinct and idiomatic translation is ''the days in prison he knew lay ahead''. Note that Pamuk uses the spelling ''hapisane''.</ref><ref>From the perspective of Turkish grammar ''yaklaştığını anladığı'' is exactly parallel to ''babasını gördüğüm'' ("whose father I saw"), and could therefore be paraphrased as "whose approaching he understood".</ref>
|}

===Word order===
Word order in simple Turkish sentences is generally [[Subject Object Verb]], as in [[Korean (language)|Korean]] and [[Latin]], but unlike [[English language|English]]. In more complex sentences, the basic rule is that the qualifier precedes the qualified: this principle includes, as an important special case, the [[#Participles|participial modifiers]] discussed above. The definite precedes the indefinite: thus ''çocuğa hikâyeyi anlattı'' "she told the child the story", but ''hikâyeyi bir çocuğa anlattı'' "she told the story to a child".<ref>Lewis (2001): 239–240.</ref>

It is possible to alter the word order to stress the importance of a certain word or phrase. The main rule is that the word before the verb has the stress without exception. For example, if one wants to say "Hakan went to school" with a stress on the word "school" (''okul'', the indirect object) it would be "Hakan ''okula'' gitti". If the stress is to be placed on "Hakan" (the subject), it would be "Okula ''Hakan'' gitti" which means "it's Hakan who went to school".

==Vocabulary==
{{Refimprovesect|date=July 2008}}
{{main|Turkish vocabulary}}

[[Image:TurkishVocabulary.png|thumb|right|200px|Origin of the words in Turkish vocabulary]]

The 2005 edition of ''Güncel Türkçe Sözlük'', the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by [[Turkish Language Association]], contains 104,481 entries, of which about 14% are of foreign origin.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F|title=Güncel Türkçe Sözlük|accessdate=2007-03-21|year=2005|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]}}{{tr icon}}</ref> Among the most significant foreign contributors to Turkish vocabulary are [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[English language|English]], and [[Greek language|Greek]].<ref name="Loanwords">{{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C|title=Türkçe Sözlük (2005)’teki Sözlerin Kökenlerine Ait Sayısal Döküm (Numerical list on the origin of words in ''Türkçe Sözlük (2005)'')|accessdate=2007-03-21|year=2005|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]}}{{tr icon}}</ref>

=== Word formation ===
Turkish extensively uses [[agglutination]] to [[Word formation|form new words]] from nouns and verbal stems. The majority of Turkish words originate from the application of derivative suffixes to a relatively small set of core vocabulary.

An example set of words derived from a substantive root:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!Components
!English
!Word class
|-
|''göz''
|''göz''
|eye
|Noun
|-
|''gözlük''
|''göz + -lük''
|eyeglasses
|Noun
|-
|''gözlükçü''
|''göz + -lük + -çü''
|optician
|Noun
|-
|''gözlükçülük''
|''göz + -lük + -çü + -lük''
|optician's trade
|Noun
|-
|''gözlem''
|''göz + -lem''
|observation
|Noun
|-
|''gözlemci''
|''göz + -lem + -ci''
|observer
|Noun
|-
|''gözle''
|''göz + -le''
|observe
|Verb (order)
|-
|''gözlemek''
|''göz + -le + -mek''
|to observe
|Verb (infinitive)
|}

Another example, starting from a verbal root:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!Components
!English
!Word class
|-
|''yat-''
|''yat-''
|lie down
|Verb (order)
|-
|''yatmak''
|''yat-mak''
|to lie down
|Verb (infinitive)
|-
|''yatık''
|''yat- + -(ı)k''
|leaning
|Adjective
|-
|''yatak''
|''yat- + -ak''
|bed, place to sleep
|Noun
|-
|''yatay''
|''yat- + -ay''
|horizontal
|Adjective
|-
|''yatkın''
|''yat- + -gın''
|inclined to; stale (from lying too long)
|Adjective
|-
|''yatır-''
|''yat- + -(ı)r-''
|lay down
|Verb (order)
|-
|''yatırmak''
|''yat- + -(ı)r-mak''
|to lay down
|Verb (infinitive)
|-
|''yatırım''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m''
|laying down; deposit, investment
|Noun
|-
|''yatırımcı''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m + -cı''
|depositor, investor
|Noun
|}

New words are also frequently formed by [[Compound (linguistics)|compounding]] two existing words into a new one, as in [[German language|German]]. A few examples of compound words are given below:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
!Constituent words
!Literal meaning
|-
|''pazartesi''
|Monday
|''pazar'' ("Sunday") and ''ertesi'' ("after")
|after Sunday
|-
|''bilgisayar''
|computer
|''bilgi'' ("information") and ''say-'' ("to count")
|information counter
|-
|''gökdelen''
|skyscraper
|''gök'' ("sky") and ''del-'' ("to pierce")
|sky piercer
|-
|''başparmak''
|thumb
|''baş'' ("prime") and ''parmak'' ("finger")
|primary finger
|-
|''önyargı''
|prejudice
|''ön'' ("before") and ''yargı'' ("splitting; judgement")
|fore-judging
|}

==Writing system==
{{mainarticle|Turkish alphabet}}

[[Image:LIllustrationCover13October1928.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] introducing the new [[Turkish alphabet]] to the people of [[Sinop]]. September 20, 1928. (Cover of the French ''L'Illustration'' magazine)]]

Turkish is written using a [[Turkish alphabet|modified version]] of the [[Latin alphabet]] introduced in 1928 by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] to replace the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]-based [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]].
The Ottoman alphabet marked only three different vowels—long ''ā, ū'' and ''ī''—and included several redundant consonants, such as variants of ''z'' (which were distinguished in Arabic but not in Turkish). The omission of short vowels in the Arabic script was claimed to make it particularly unsuitable for Turkish, which has [[#Vowel harmony|eight vowels]].

The reform of the script was an important step in the [[Atatürk's Reforms|cultural reforms]] of the period. The task of preparing the new alphabet and selecting the necessary modifications for sounds specific to Turkish was entrusted to a [[Turkish alphabet#Modern Turkish alphabet|Language Commission]] composed of prominent linguists, academics, and writers. The introduction of the new Turkish alphabet was supported by public education centers opened throughout the country, cooperation with publishing companies, and encouragement by Atatürk himself, who toured the country teaching the new letters to the public.<ref name="Dilacar">{{cite journal|last=Dilaçar|first=Agop|authorlink=Agop Dilaçar|title=Atatürk ve Yazım|journal=Türk Dili|issn= 1301-465X|volume=35|issue=307|url= http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFC3C6D81741DBEB05|accessdate=2007-03-19|year=1977}}{{tr icon}}</ref>
As a result, there was a dramatic increase in literacy from its original Third World levels.<ref>Coulmas, pp. 243–244</ref>

Latin was applied to the Turkish language for educational purposes even before the 20th century reform. Instances include a 1635 Latin-Albanian dictionary by [[Frang Bardhi]], who also incorporated several sayings in the Turkish language, as an appendix to his work (e.g. ''alma agatsdan irak duschamas''<ref>In modern Turkish spelling: ''elma ağaçtan ırak düşmez''.</ref> – 'An apple does not fall far from its tree').

Turkish now has an alphabet suited to the sounds of the language: the spelling is largely [[Phonetic spelling|phonetic]], with one letter corresponding to each [[phoneme]]. Most of the letters are used approximately as in English, the main exceptions being <c>, which denotes {{IPA|[dʒ]}} (<j> being used for the {{IPA|[ʒ]}} found in Persian and European loans);
and the undotted <ı>, representing {{IPA|[ɯ]}}. As in German, <ö> and <ü> represent {{IPA|[œ]}} and
{{IPA|[y]}}. The letter <ğ>, in principle, denotes {{IPA|[ɣ]}} but has the property of lengthening the preceding vowel and assimilating any subsequent vowel. The letters <ş> and <ç> represent {{IPA|[ʃ]}} and {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, respectively. A [[circumflex]] is written over [[back vowel]]s following <k>, <g>, or <l> when these consonants represent {{IPA|[c]}}, {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, and {{IPA|[l]}}—almost exclusively in Arabic and Persian [[loanword|loans]].<ref>Lewis (2001):3-7. Note that in these cases the circumflex conveys information about the preceding consonant rather than the vowel over which it is written.</ref> An [[apostrophe]] is used to separate [[proper nouns]] from any suffixes: eg ''İstanbul'da'' 'in Istanbul'.

The specifically Turkish letters and spellings described above are illustrated in this table:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish spelling
!Pronunciation
!Meaning
|-
|''[[Cağaloğlu]]''
|{{IPA|ˈdʒaːɫoːɫu}}
|[İstanbul district]
|-
|''çalıştığı''
|{{IPA|tʃaɫɯʃtɯˈɣɯ}}
|where/that s/he works/worked
|-
|''müjde''
|{{IPA|myʒˈde}}
|good news
|-
|''lazım''
|{{IPA|laˈzɯm}}
|necessary
|-
|''mahkûm''
|{{IPA|mahˈcum}}
|condemned
|}

==Sample==
''Dostlar Beni Hatırlasın'' by [[Aşık Veysel Şatıroğlu]] (1894–1973), a [[minstrel]] and highly regarded poet in the [[Turkish folk literature]] tradition.

{| border="0" width="100%" style="font-family:serif; font-size: 115%; text-align: center;"
|-
!width="33%"|Orthography
!width="33%"|[[help:IPA|IPA]]
!width="33%"|Translation
|-
|Ben giderim adım kalır
|{{IPA|ben ɟid̪eɾim ad̪ɯm kaɫɯɾ}}
|After I pass, my name remains
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|d̪ost̪ɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|-
|Düğün olur bayram gelir
|{{IPA|d̪yjyn oɫuɾ bajɾam ɟeliɾ}}
|Weddings happen, holidays come
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|d̪ostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|-
|<br/>
|-
|Can kafeste durmaz uçar
|{{IPA|dʒan kafest̪e d̪uɾmaz utʃaɾ}}
|Soul flies from the cage
|-
|Dünya bir han konan göçer
|{{IPA|d̪yjja biɾ han konan ɟœtʃeɾ}}
|World is an inn, settlers depart
|-
|Ay dolanır yıllar geçer
|{{IPA|aj d̪oɫanɯɾ jɯɫːaɾ ɟetʃeɾ}}
|The moon wanders, years go by
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|d̪ostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|-
|<br/>
|-
|Can bedenden ayrılacak
|{{IPA|dʒan bed̪end̪en ajɾɯɫadʒask}}
|Body will be deprived of life
|-
|Tütmez baca yanmaz ocak
|{{IPA|t̪yt̪mez badʒa janmaz odʒak}}
|Hearth won't burn, smoke won't rise
|-
|Selam olsun kucak kucak
|{{IPA|selaːm oɫsun kudʒak kudʒak}}
|By armfuls, salutes I pass
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|d̪ostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|-
|<br/>
|-
|Açar solar türlü çiçek
|{{IPA|atʃaɾ solaɾ t̪yɾly tʃitʃec}}
|Many blooms thrive and fade
|-
|Kimler gülmüş kim gülecek
|{{IPA|cimleɾ ɟylmyʃ cim ɟyledʒec}}
|Who had laughed, who'll be glad
|-
|Murat yalan ölüm gerçek
|{{IPA|muɾat jaɫan œlym ɟeɾtʃec}}
|Desire's lie, real is death
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|d̪ostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|-
|<br/>
|-
|Gün ikindi akşam olur
|{{IPA|ɟyn icindi akʃam oɫuɾ}}
|Into evening will turn the days
|-
|Gör ki başa neler gelir
|{{IPA|ɟœɾ ci baʃa neleɾ ɟeliɾ}}
|Behold what soon will take place
|-
|Veysel gider adı kalır
|{{IPA|βejsel ɟideɾ ad̪ɯ kaɫɯɾ}}
|Veysel departs, his name remains
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|d̪ostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|}

==See also==
* [[List of English words of Turkic origin]]
* [[List of replaced loanwords in Turkish]]
* [[Turkish alphabet]]
* [[Turkish exonyms]]
* [[Turkish folk literature]]
* [[Turkish Language Olympics]]
* [[Turkish literature]]
* [[Turkish Sign Language]]

==Notes==
<small>Details of the sources cited only by the author's name are given in full in the ''References'' section.</small>
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
'''Printed sources'''
*{{cite journal|last=Akalın|first=Şükrü Haluk|title=Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)|journal=Türk_Dili|volume=85|issue=613|issn= 1301-465X |url= http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-18|year=2003|month=January}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bazin|first=Louis|title=Turcs et Sogdiens: Les Enseignements de L'Inscription de Bugut (Mongolie), Mélanges Linguistiques Offerts à Émile Benveniste|journal=Collection Linguistique, publiée par la Société de Linguistique de Paris|issue=LXX|year=1975|pages=37–45}}{{fr icon}}
*{{Citation|last=Brendemoen|first=B.|contribution=Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon|date=1996|title=Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February, 1996}}
*{{cite book|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|title=Writing Systems of the World||publisher=Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford|year=1989|isbn=0631180281}}
*{{cite journal|last=Dilaçar|first=Agop|authorlink=Agop Dilaçar|title=Atatürk ve Yazım|journal=Türk Dili|volume=35|issue=307|url=http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFC3C6D81741DBEB05|accessdate=2007-03-19|year=1977|issn=1301-465X}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Findley|first=Carter V.|title=The Turks in World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|month=October|isbn=0-19-517726-6}}
*{{cite paper|author=Johanson, Lars|title=Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|year=2001|url=http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-18}}
*{{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|authorlink=International Phonetic Association|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|id=ISBN 0-521-65236-7 (hb); ISBN 0-521-63751-1 (pb)|chapter= Turkish|pages=155}}
*{{Citation|last=Ishjatms|first=N.|chapter=Nomads In Eastern Central Asia|title=History of civilizations of Central Asia|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|year=1996|volume=2|month=October|isbn=92-3-102846-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Katzner|first=Kenneth|title=Languages of the World, Third Edition|publisher=Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.|year=2002|month=March|isbn=978-0415250047}}
*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|authorlink=Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar)|title=Teach Yourself Turkish|publisher=English Universities Press|year=1953| isbn=978-0340492314 }} (2nd edition 1989)
*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|authorlink=Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar)|title=Turkish Grammar|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-870036-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|authorlink=Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar)|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-925669-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Nişanyan|first=Sevan|title=Sözlerin Soyağacı: Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimoloji Sözlüğü (Etymological Dictionary of Contemporary Turkish)|publisher=Adam Yayınları, Revised and Enlarged 3rd Edition|year=2007|isbn=975-418-868-4}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Özsoy|first=A. Sumru|coauthors=Taylan, Eser E. (eds.)|title=Türkçe’nin ağızları çalıştayı bildirileri (Workshop on the dialects of Turkish)|publisher=[[Boğaziçi Üniversitesi]] Yayınevi|year=2000|isbn=9755181407}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Soucek|first=Svat|title=A History of Inner Asia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|month=March|isbn=978-0521651691}}
*{{cite paper|author=[[Bert Vaux|Vaux, Bert]]|title=Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|url=http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-04-24|year=2001}}

{{col-break|width=50%}}
'''On-line sources'''
*{{cite web|author=[http://www.zft-online.de Center for Studies on Turkey], [[University of Essen]]|publisher=Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association|url=http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf|title=The European Turks: Gross Domestic Product, Working Population, Entrepreneurs and Household Data|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-01-06|year=2003}}
*{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Altaic|accessdate=2007-03-18|year=2005}}
*{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kmr|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:kmr (Kurdish)|accessdate=2007-03-18|year=2005}}
*{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tur|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:tur (Turkish)|accessdate=2007-03-18|year=2005}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F|title=Güncel Türkçe Sözlük|accessdate=2007-03-21|year=2005|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.nisanyansozluk.com|title=Turkish Etymological Dictionary online|accessdate=2007-09-11|year=2006|publisher=Sevan Nişanyan}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite web|publisher=[[UCLA]] International Institute, Center for World Languages|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004|title=Language Materials Project: Turkish|accessdate=2007-04-26|month=February | year=2007}}
*{{Citation|author=[http://www.tns-opinion.com TNS Opinion & Social]|publisher=[[European Commission]] Directorate of General Press and Communication|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer 243 / Wave 64.3: Europeans and their Languages|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-28|date=February 2006}}
*{{cite web|author=Turkish Language Association|authorlink=Turkish Language Association|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD|title=Türk Dil Kurumu - Tarihçe (History of the Turkish Language Association)|accessdate=2007-03-18}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C|title=Türkçe Sözlük (2005)’teki Sözlerin Kökenlerine Ait Sayısal Döküm (Numerical list on the origin of words in ''Türkçe Sözlük (2005)'')|accessdate=2007-03-21|year=2005|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]}}{{tr icon}}

'''Further reading'''
*{{cite book|last=Eyüboğlu|first=İsmet Zeki|title=Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlüğü (Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language)|publisher=Sosyal Yayınları, İstanbul|year=1991|isbn=975-7384-72-2}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Özel|first=Sevgi|coauthors=Haldun Özen and Ali Püsküllüoğlu (eds.)|title=Atatürk'ün Türk Dil Kurumu ve Sonrası (Atatürk's Turkish Language Association and its Legacy)|publisher=Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara|year=1986|oclc=18836678}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Püsküllüoğlu|first=Ali|title=Arkadaş Türkçe Sözlük (Arkadaş Turkish Dictionary)|publisher=Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara|year=2004|isbn=975-509-053-3}}{{tr icon}}
{{col-end}}

</div>


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/promos/200804_legoindianajones Lego Indiana Jones on Cartoon Network website]
{{external links}}
*[http://indianajones.lego.com/en-US/movies/default.aspx Indiana Jones on Lego.com]
{{InterWiki|code=tr}}
{{Wiktionarylang|code=tr}}
{{Wikibooks|Turkish}}
{{Wikiquote|Turkish proverbs}}
*[http://marmaris.org/Marmaris_blog/blogs/common_turkish_phrases/archive/tags/Turkish+Phrases/default.aspx Turkish Phrases with Video]
*[http://www.dictionarist.com Turkish Talking Dictionary]
*[http://www.seslisozluk.com/ Sesli Sözlük], online Turkish, Ottoman, English, Spanish, German, French, Italian dictionary with vocabulary translation pronunciations and idioms
*[http://www.langtolang.com LangToLang Turkish-to-many Dictionary]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/ BBC Turkish, including online Turkish radio service]
*[http://www.nisanyansozluk.com Sözlerin Soyağacı: Online Turkish etymological dictionary]
*[http://www.yeminlisozluk.com 250.000 Pretranslated English-Turkish Sentences]
*[http://www.miejipang-jpn2.net//untitled9.html A short English-Turkish-Japanese phraselist(renewal)] incl. sound file

===Linguistics===
*{{Ethnologue|code=tur}}
*[http://www.rosettaproject.org/archive/tur Turkish language] at the [[Rosetta Project]] archive
*[http://www.language-museum.com/t/turkish.php Turkish language at Language Museum]

===Learning resources===
*[http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/langres_tr.html Turkish Language: Resources - University of Michigan]
*[http://cali.arizona.edu/maxnet/tur/ Turkish lessons at the University of Arizona]
*[http://www.turkishclass.com/lessons.php Turkish Language Class free online Turkish course]
*[http://www.freelanguagecourses.com/category/language/turkish/ United States Foreign Service Institute free online Turkish Basic Course]
*[http://www.learningturkish.org/ LearningTurkish.org]
*[http://siteofeducation.angelfire.com/ The Site of Education Turkish Language]
*[http://www.studyturkce.com/ Turkish Language Resources]
*[http://www.teachyourselfturkish.com Learn Turkish]

*[http://www.aton.ttu.edu/ Digital files of folksongs, tales and epics in Turkish from the Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative at the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University]

===Turkish editions of Wikimedia projects===
*[http://tr.wikisource.org/wiki/ VikiKaynak], ''Turkish Wikisource''
*[http://tr.wikiquote.org/wiki/ Vikisöz], ''Turkish Wikiquote''
*[http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/ Vikisözlük], ''Turkish Wiktionary''
{{clear}}

{{Altaic languages}}
{{Turkic languages}}
{{Turkey topics}}
{{Turkic topics}}

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Languages of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Languages of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Languages of the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Languages of Turkey]]
[[Category:Turkic languages]]
[[Category:Turkish language| ]]
[[Category:Vowel harmony languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Kosovo]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Germany]]

{{Link FA|sv}}


[[Category:LEGO]]
[[als:Türkische Sprache]]
[[Category:Lego themes|Indiana Jones]]
[[ar:لغة تركية]]
[[Category:Indiana Jones]]
[[arc:ܠܫܢܐ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ]]
[[ast:Turcu]]
[[az:Türk dili]]
[[bn:তুর্কি ভাষা]]
[[ba:Төрөк теле]]
[[be-x-old:Турэцкая мова]]
[[bs:Turski jezik]]
[[br:Turkeg]]
[[bg:Турски език]]
[[ca:Turc]]
[[cv:Турккă чĕлхи]]
[[ceb:Pinulongang Turko]]
[[cs:Turečtina]]
[[cy:Tyrceg]]
[[da:Tyrkisk (sprog)]]
[[de:Türkische Sprache]]
[[et:Türgi keel]]
[[el:Τουρκική γλώσσα]]
[[es:Idioma turco]]
[[eo:Turka lingvo]]
[[eu:Turkiera]]
[[fa:زبان ترکی استانبولی]]
[[fr:Turc]]
[[ga:Tuircis]]
[[gv:Turkish]]
[[gl:Lingua turca]]
[[ko:터키어]]
[[hy:Թուրքերեն]]
[[hi:तुर्की भाषा]]
[[hsb:Turkowšćina]]
[[hr:Turski jezik]]
[[io:Turkiana linguo]]
[[id:Bahasa Turki]]
[[is:Tyrkneska]]
[[it:Lingua turca]]
[[he:טורקית]]
[[ka:თურქული ენა]]
[[kk:Түрік тілі]]
[[kw:Turkek]]
[[sw:Kituruki]]
[[kv:Туреч кыв]]
[[lad:Turko]]
[[la:Lingua Turcica]]
[[lv:Turku valoda]]
[[lt:Turkų kalba]]
[[li:Törks]]
[[hu:Oszmán-török nyelv]]
[[mk:Турски јазик]]
[[ml:തുര്‍ക്കി ഭാഷ]]
[[ms:Bahasa Turki]]
[[nl:Turks]]
[[ja:トルコ語]]
[[no:Tyrkisk]]
[[nn:Tyrkisk språk]]
[[oc:Turc]]
[[uz:Turk tili]]
[[pl:Język turecki]]
[[pt:Língua turca]]
[[crh:Türk tili]]
[[ro:Limba turcă]]
[[ru:Турецкий язык]]
[[se:Durkagiella]]
[[sco:Turkish leid]]
[[sq:Gjuha turke]]
[[simple:Turkish language]]
[[sk:Turečtina]]
[[sl:Turščina]]
[[szl:Turecko godka]]
[[sr:Турски језик]]
[[sh:Turski jezik]]
[[su:Basa Turki]]
[[fi:Turkin kieli]]
[[sv:Turkiska]]
[[tl:Wikang Turko]]
[[ta:துருக்கிய மொழி]]
[[tt:Törek tele]]
[[th:ภาษาตุรกี]]
[[vi:Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ]]
[[tg:Забони туркӣ]]
[[tr:Türkçe]]
[[tk:Türkçe]]
[[uk:Турецька мова]]
[[ur:ترک زبان]]
[[diq:Tırki]]
[[bat-smg:Torku kalba]]
[[zh:土耳其语]]

Revision as of 14:02, 12 October 2008

Lego Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Brick is a Lego movie that aired on Cartoon Network from May 10, 2008. All four chapters can be seen at the Lego Indiana Jones page on the Cartoon Network website, as well as on the Lego Indiana Jones website. This film is presented in a computer-animated 3-D style.

Plot

Chapter 1

Raiders of the Lost Brick opens up with Indiana Jones and Satipo in a jungle. The two face several traps along the way including a pit, but Indy and Satipo continue their journey. When Indiana Jones has to get across tiles that lead to the altar with the idol, he dances on them, leaving Satipo a bit confused. Once he crossed the tiles, Indy grabs the idol and runs as the temple collapses. Satipo crosses the pit first, and gestures for the idol in exchange for giving Indy the whip. Indy throws the idol, but it hits Satipo in the head and knocks him out. Indy then builds a bridge out of Lego pieces to get across the pit, and once he crosses it he retrieves the whip and idol. The boulder trap is triggered, but Indy was able to escape. Once outside of the temple, he finds René Belloq waiting for him with two Hovitos warriors. Suddenly, the boulder crashes through the doorway where it was stuck and flattens René Belloq and the Hovitos, as Indy jumps away into Jock's seaplane, where Indy is seen with a check list and crosses "Idol" off the list.

Chapter 2

Indiana Jones and Marion Ravenwood are seen in a tomb with the Ark of the Covenant. As they try to fend off snakes, two German soldiers hoist the Ark out of the tomb. Indy and Marion build a Lego elevator to escape the tomb. Indy and Marion safely get out of the tomb , and Indy goes on a horse to chase the truck that has the Ark. Indiana spots his father, Henry Jones Sr., reading a book on a motorcycle. Indiana jumps into the motorcycle and drives it. German soldiers on motorcycles drive toward the Joneses. Indiana grabs a flag, knocks down both soldiers, and then uses his whip to get himself on top of the truck. The driver stops abruptly, and Indiana falls onto the hood of the truck. He pulls a piece of the hood off and falls, and goes under the truck until he reappears clinging to his whip, which is still hanging there from when he got on the truck. The grill of the truck breaks off and goes under it. Indiana gets onto the grill and surfs on it, then leaps into the truck, and knocks the two German soldiers, a toilet, and a Stormtrooper from Star Wars out of the truck. Indiana gets to the driver and pushes him out as well. Indiana drives the truck, and his father then joins him to ride off into the distance.

Chapter 3

This scene opens up with Indy riding an amphibious vehicle in a river in a jungle. Mutt Williams comes out of a pitched tent and is delighted to see Indy coming back, but when Indy's vehicle gets on land and accidentally runs over Mutt's motorcycle, Mutt gets angry briefly. Indy shows Mutt the checklist with "Idol" and "Ark" checked off. The only unchecked item on the list is "skull", and the two journey in the jungle. Suddenly, a rumbling sound is heard in the distance, and cutting through the jungle is Irina Spalko on a jungle cutter, laughing maniacally and waving her sword. The two run from and escape the cutter by falling into a ditch. They find themselves on a mine car, which runs down a track, around a rollercoaster-style loop and out a door that literally says "END OF RIDE". The jungle cutter has found the two again, and they continue running from it. When they go under an archway and the jungle cutter tries to follow, it crashes. Spalko is thrown off the vehicle. The destroyed jungle cutter forms a new machine with a saw blade, and Indy and Mutt decide to cut some pepperoni with it. Later, Indiana and Mutt arrive at the temple entrance, but two natives stop them. They point to Indy, then Mutt, and then to a sign that says a person had to be as tall as a part of their spear to enter. Mutt is too short to go in, much to Indy's laughter, but he is able to go in anyway. Inside the temple, Indiana and Mutt run from spears (which eventually hit a dart board) until they come across a mirror. Indy’s reflection is Han Solo (because both Indiana Jones and Han Solo were played by Harrison Ford), and Mutt's reflection is of Chewbacca.Later, while Irina and Mutt are in a sword duel, Indy takes the Crystal Skull from one of the skeletons. The temple collapses behind the two, probably leaving Irina to be crushed, and a close-up shows the skull as the movie ends.

Chapter 4

On Cartoon Network and on its website, Chapter 3 replays and then Chapter 4 starts. But on the Lego Indiana Jones website, Chapter 3 does not repeat itself, as all four chapters are presented in the order they were released.

There is a party at Indy's place. Mutt puts the Crystal Skull on a string together with other lanterns and seems to be a good bug electrifier. The idol is used as a candle and the Ark is used as a grill.While Henry Jones Sr. (using the Holy Grail as a cup) clinks glasses with Mutt’s cup. It is then revealed that the film was being watched in a movie theater by Lego versions of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas, who nod at each other as the movie ends and give each other a high-five.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language&oldid=244775183"