Cognitive psychology and Karlheinz Böhm: Difference between pages
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{{Infobox actor |
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{{Unreferenced|date=May 2007}} |
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| name = Karlheinz Böhm |
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| image =Karlheinzboehm2008.jpg |
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'''Cognitive psychology''' is a branch of [[psychology]] that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. The school of thought arising from this approach is known as [[cognitivism (psychology)|cognitivism]]. It had its foundations in the [[Gestalt psychology]] of [[Max Wertheimer]], [[Wolfgang Köhler]], and [[Kurt Koffka]], and in the work of [[Jean Piaget]], who provided a theory of stages/phases that describe children's cognitive development. Cognitive psychologists are interested in how people understand, diagnose, and solve problems, concerning themselves with the mental processes which mediate between stimulus and response. Cognitive theory contends that solutions to problems take the form of [[algorithm]]s—rules that are not necessarily understood but promise a solution, or [[heuristics]]—rules that are understood but that do not always guarantee solutions. In other instances, solutions may be found through insight, a sudden awareness of relationships. |
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| caption = Karlheinz Böhm at an awards ceremony in [[Munich]] (2008) |
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| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1928|03|16}} |
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| location = [[Darmstadt, Germany]] |
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| occupation = Actor |
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| spouse = Elisabeth Zonewa (1954-1957) 1 Child <br> Gudula Blau (1958-1962) 3 Children <br> Barbara Lass (1963-1980) 1 Child <br> Almaz Böhm (1991-Present) 2 Children |
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}} |
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'''Karlheinz Böhm''' (sometimes '''Carl Boehm''', and sometimes '''Karl Boehm''') (born [[March 16]], [[1928]] in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]]) is an [[Austria]]n actor. The son of conductor [[Karl Böhm]], he is best known internationally for his role as Mark, the [[psychopath]]ic protagonist of ''[[Peeping Tom (film)|Peeping Tom]]'', directed by [[Michael Powell (director)|Michael Powell]]. Before that, he had played the young Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] in the three ''[[Sissi (film)|Sissi]]'' movies. |
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==History== |
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[[Ulric Neisser]] crapped the term 'cognitive psychology' in his book published in 1967 (Cognitive Psychology), wherein Neisser provides a definition of cognitive psychology characterizing people as dynamic information-processing systems whose mental operations might be described in computational terms. Also emphasising that it is a ''point of view'' which postulates the mind as having a certain conceptual structure. Neisser's point of view endows the discipline a scope which expands beyond high-level concepts such as "reasoning", often espoused in other works as a definition of cognitive psychology. Neisser's definition of ''cognition'' illustrates this well: |
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He made three notable films in 1962. He played [[Jakob Grimm]] in the 1962 [[MGM]]-[[Cinerama]] spectacular ''[[The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm]]'' and [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] in the [[Walt Disney]] film ''[[The Magnificent Rebel]]''. (The latter film was made especially for the [[Disney anthology television series]], but was released theatrically in [[Europe]].) And he appeared in a villainous role as the [[Nazi]]-sympathizing son of [[Paul Lukas]] in the MGM film ''[[Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (film)|Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]]'', a [[Technicolor]], [[widescreen]] remake of ''[[The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921 film)|The Four Horsemen|the famous 1921 silent Rudolph Valentino film]]''. |
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<blockquote>...the term "cognition" refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations... Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every <ref>[http://ssi.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/115 abstract Social Science Information, Vol. 39, No. 1, 115-129 (2000)]</ref> psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon. But although cognitive psychology is concerned with all human activity rather than some fraction of it, the concern is from a particular point of view. Other viewpoints are equally legitimate and necessary. Dynamic psychology, which begins with motives rather than with sensory input, is a case in point. Instead of asking how a man's actions and experiences result from what he saw, remembered, or believed, the dynamic psychologist asks how they follow from the subject's goals, needs, or instincts. |
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</blockquote> |
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Between 1974 and 1975, Böhm appeared prominently in four consecutive films from prolific New German Cinema director Rainer Werner Fassbinder: ''Martha'', ''Effi Briest'', ''Faustrecht der Freiheit'' (aka ''Fistfight of Freedom'' or ''Fox and his Friends''), and ''Mutter Küsters' Fahrt zum Himmel ''(''Mother Kusters Goes to Heaven''). |
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Since 1981, when he founded ''Menschen für Menschen'' ("Humans for Humans"), Böhm has been actively involved in [[Charitable organization|charitable]] work in [[Ethiopia]]. |
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Cognitive psychology is radically different from previous psychological approaches in two key ways. |
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* It accepts the use of the [[scientific method]], and generally rejects [[introspection]] <ref>Schunk, Dale H. ''Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective, 5th''. Pearson, Merrill Prentice Hall. 1991, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008. pp. 14, 28</ref> as a valid method of investigation, unlike symbol-driven approaches such as [[Freud]]ian psychology.{{POV-statement|date=October 2008}} |
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* It explicitly acknowledges the existence of internal mental states (such as [[belief]], [[Preference|desire]] and [[motivation]]) unlike [[behaviorism|behaviorist]] psychology. Critics hold that the empiricism of cognitive psychology combined with the acceptance of internal mental states by cognitive psychology is contradictory. |
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Karlheinz Böhm has been married to [[Almaz Böhm]], a native of Ethiopia, since 1991. They have two children, Nicolas (born 1990) and Aida (born 1993). Böhm has five more children from previous marriages, among them, the actress [[Katharina Böhm]] (born 1964). |
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The school of thought arising from this approach is known as [[cognitivism (psychology)|cognitivism]]. |
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==External links== |
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Cognitive psychology is one of the more recent additions to psychological research, having only developed as a separate area within the discipline since the late 1950s and early 1960s following the "cognitive revolution" initiated by [[Noam Chomsky]]'s 1959 critique<ref name="Chomsky 1959">Chomsky, N. A. (1959), A Review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior</ref> of behaviorism and empiricism more generally. The origins of cognitive thinking such as computational theory of mind can be traced as early as [[Descartes]] and [[Alan Turing]]. The cognitive approach was brought to prominence by [[Donald Broadbent]]'s book ''Perception and Communication'' in 1958. Since that time, the dominant [[paradigm]] in the area has been the [[information processing]] model of cognition that Broadbent put forward. This is a way of thinking and reasoning about mental processes, envisioning them as software running on the computer that is the brain. Theories refer to forms of input, representation, computation or processing, and outputs. Applied to language as the primary mental knowledge representation system, cognitive psychology has exploited tree and network mental models. Its singular contribution to AI and psychology in general is the notion of a [[semantic network]]. One of the first cognitive psychologists, [[George Armitage Miller|George Miller]] is well-known for dedicating his career to the development of [[WordNet]], a semantic network for the English language. Development began in 1985 and is now the foundation for many machine ontologies. |
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* [http://www.menschenfuermenschen.org/ "Menschen für Menschen" web site] |
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* {{imdb name | id=0003337 | name=Karlheinz Böhm}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bohm, Karlheinz}} |
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This way of conceiving mental processes has pervaded psychology more generally over the past few decades, and it is not uncommon to find cognitive theories within [[social psychology]], [[personality psychology]], [[abnormal psychology]], and [[developmental psychology]]; the application of cognitive theories to [[comparative psychology]] has driven many recent studies in [[animal cognition]]. However, cognitive psychology dealing with the intervening constructs of the mental presentations is not able to specify: What are the non-material counterparts of material objects? For example, what is the counterpart of a chair in a mental processes, and how do the non-material processes evolve in the mind that has no space. Further, what are the very specific qualities of the mental causalities? In particular, when the causalities are processes. The plain statement about information processing awakes some questions. What information is dealt with, its contents, and form. Are there transformations? What are the nature of process causalities? How subjective states of a person transmute into shared states, and on the other way around? Finally, yet importantly, how do we who work with cognitive research are able to conceptualize the mental counter concepts to construct theories that have real importance in real every day life? Consequently, there is a lack of specific process concepts which enable to derive new developments, and create grand theories about the mind, and its abysses. |
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[[Category:Austrian film actors]] |
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[[Category:Founders of non-governmental organizations|Böhm, Karlheinz]] |
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[[Category:1928 births]] |
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[[Category:Living people]] |
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[[de:Karlheinz Böhm]] |
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The information processing approach to cognitive functioning is currently being questioned by new approaches in psychology, such as [[dynamical systems]], and the [[embodied cognition|embodiment]] perspective. |
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[[es:Karlheinz Böhm]] |
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[[fr:Karlheinz Böhm]] |
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Because of the use of computational metaphors and terminology, cognitive psychology was able to benefit greatly from the flourishing of research in [[artificial intelligence]] and other related areas in the 1960s and 1970s. In fact, it developed as one of the significant aspects of the inter-disciplinary subject of [[cognitive science]], which attempts to integrate a range of approaches in research on the mind and mental processes. <ref> R. Sun, (ed.), (2008). The Cambridge Handbook of Computational Psychology. Cambridge University Press, New York. 2008. </ref> |
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[[it:Karlheinz Böhm]] |
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[[nl:Karlheinz Böhm]] |
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== Major research areas in cognitive psychology == |
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[[ja:カールハインツ・ベーム]] |
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'''[[Perception]]''' |
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[[fi:Karlheinz Böhm]] |
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* [[Perception|General perception]] |
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[[zh:卡尔海因茨·伯姆]] |
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* [[Psychophysics]] |
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* [[Attention]] and Filter theories (the ability to focus mental effort on specific stimuli whilst excluding other stimuli from consideration) |
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* [[Pattern recognition]] (the ability to correctly interpret ambiguous sensory information) |
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* Object recognition |
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* [[Sense of time|Time sensation]] (awareness and estimation of the passage of time) |
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'''[[Categorization]]''' |
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* [[Concept learning|Category induction and acquisition]] |
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* Categorical judgement and classification |
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* Category representation and structure |
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* [[Similarity (psychology)]] |
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'''[[Memory]]''' |
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* [[Aging and memory]] |
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* [[Autobiographical memory]] |
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* [[Constructive memory]] |
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* [[Emotion and memory]] |
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* [[Episodic memory]] |
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* [[Eyewitness memory]] |
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* [[False memories]] |
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* [[Flashbulb memory]] |
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* [[List of memory biases]] |
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* [[Long-term memory]] |
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* [[Semantic memory]] |
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* [[Short-term memory]] |
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* [[Spaced repetition]] |
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* [[Source monitoring]] |
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* [[Working memory]] |
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'''[[Knowledge representation]]''' |
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* [[Mental image]]ry |
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* [[Propositional encoding]] |
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* [[Imagery versus proposition debate]] |
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* [[dual-coding theory|Dual-coding theories]] |
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* [[Mental model]]s |
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'''[[Numerical cognition]]''' |
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'''[[Language]]''' |
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* [[Grammar]] and [[linguistics]] |
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* [[Phonetics]] and [[phonology]] |
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* [[Language acquisition]] |
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'''[[Thinking]]''' |
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* [[Choice]] ''(see also: [[Choice theory]])'' |
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* [[Concept formation]] |
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* [[Decision making]] |
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* [[Judgment and decision making]] |
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* [[Logic]], formal and natural [[psychology of reasoning|reasoning]] |
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* [[Problem solving]] |
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== Influential cognitive psychologists == |
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{{columns-start|num=3}} |
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* [[John R. Anderson]] |
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* [[Alan Baddeley]] |
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* [[Albert Bandura]] |
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* [[Frederic Bartlett]] |
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* [[Aaron T. Beck]] |
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* [[Margaret Boden]] |
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* [[Donald Broadbent]] |
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* [[Jerome Bruner]] |
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* [[Gordon H. Bower]] |
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* [[Fergus Craik]] |
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* [[Kenneth Craik]] |
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* [[Noam Chomsky]] |
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* [[Hermann Ebbinghaus]] |
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* [[Albert Ellis]] |
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* [[William Estes]] |
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* [[Keith Holyoak]] |
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* [[Marcia K. Johnson]] |
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* [[Philip Johnson-Laird]] |
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{{column}} |
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* [[Daniel Kahneman]] |
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* [[Elizabeth Loftus]] |
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* [[James McClelland]] |
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* [[George Armitage Miller]] |
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* [[Ulrich Neisser]] |
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* [[Allen Newell]] |
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* [[Allan Paivio]] |
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* [[Seymour Papert]] |
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* [[Jean Piaget]] |
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* [[Steven Pinker]] |
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* [[Michael Posner (psychologist)|Michael Posner]] |
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* [[Henry L. Roediger III]] |
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* [[Eleanor Rosch]] |
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{{column}} |
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* [[David Rumelhart]] |
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* [[Eleanor Saffran]] |
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* [[Daniel Schacter]] |
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* [[Roger Shepard]] |
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* [[Herbert Simon]] |
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* [[Elizabeth Spelke]] |
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* [[George Sperling]] |
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* [[Saul Sternberg]] |
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* [[Larry Squire]] |
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* [[Endel Tulving]] |
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* [[Anne Treisman]] |
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* [[Ken Nakayama]] |
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* [[Amos Tversky]] |
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* [[Lev Vygotsky]] |
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* [[Teresa Pernia]] |
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* [[Nancy Kanwisher]] |
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* [[Cris la del Bombo]] |
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{{columns-end}} |
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== References == |
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<references /> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Animal cognition]] |
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* [[Cognition]] |
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* [[Cognitive bias]] |
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* [[Cognitive description]] |
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* [[Cognitive Interventions]] |
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* [[Cognitive module]] |
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* [[Cognitive neuropsychology]] |
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* [[Cognitive neuroscience]] |
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* [[Cognitive poetics]] |
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* [[Cognitive robotics]] |
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* [[Cognitive science]] |
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* [[Cognitivism]] |
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* [[Connectionism]] |
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* [[Discursive psychology]] |
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* [[Ecological psychology]] |
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* [[Evolutionary psychology]] |
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* [[Intelligent system]] |
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* [[Logical fallacy]] |
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* [[Neurocognitive]] |
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* [[Neuropsychology]] |
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* [[Personal information management | Personal information management (PIM)]] |
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* [[Situated cognition]] |
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* [[Political psychology]] |
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* [[Psycholinguistics]] |
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* [[Psychological adaptation]] |
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{{Psychology}} |
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[[Category:Cognition]] |
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[[bg:Когнитивна психология]] |
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[[ca:Psicologia cognitiva]] |
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[[cs:Kognitivní psychologie]] |
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[[da:Kognitionspsykologi]] |
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[[de:Kognitionspsychologie]] |
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[[el:Γνωστική ψυχολογία]] |
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[[es:Psicología cognitiva]] |
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[[fr:Psychologie cognitive]] |
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[[hr:Kognitivna psihologija]] |
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[[id:Psikologi kognitif]] |
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[[is:Hugræn sálfræði]] |
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[[it:Psicologia cognitiva]] |
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[[he:פסיכולוגיה קוגניטיבית]] |
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[[lv:Kognitīvā psiholoģija]] |
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[[lt:Pažinimo psichologija]] |
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[[nl:Cognitieve psychologie]] |
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[[ja:認知心理学]] |
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[[no:Kognitiv psykologi]] |
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[[pl:Psychologia poznawcza]] |
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[[pt:Psicologia cognitiva]] |
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[[ro:Psihologie cognitivă]] |
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[[ru:Когнитивная психология]] |
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[[sk:Kognitívna psychológia]] |
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[[sl:Kognitivna psihologija]] |
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[[sr:Когнитивна психологија]] |
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[[sh:Kognitivna psihologija]] |
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[[fi:Kognitiivinen psykologia]] |
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[[sv:Kognitiv psykologi]] |
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[[uk:Когнітивна психологія]] |
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[[zh:認知心理學]] |
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Revision as of 02:02, 13 October 2008
Karlheinz Böhm | |
|---|---|
 Karlheinz Böhm at an awards ceremony in Munich (2008) | |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Spouse(s) | Elisabeth Zonewa (1954-1957) 1 Child Gudula Blau (1958-1962) 3 Children Barbara Lass (1963-1980) 1 Child Almaz Böhm (1991-Present) 2 Children |
Karlheinz Böhm (sometimes Carl Boehm, and sometimes Karl Boehm) (born March 16, 1928 in Darmstadt, Germany) is an Austrian actor. The son of conductor Karl Böhm, he is best known internationally for his role as Mark, the psychopathic protagonist of Peeping Tom, directed by Michael Powell. Before that, he had played the young Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in the three Sissi movies.
He made three notable films in 1962. He played Jakob Grimm in the 1962 MGM-Cinerama spectacular The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm and Ludwig van Beethoven in the Walt Disney film The Magnificent Rebel. (The latter film was made especially for the Disney anthology television series, but was released theatrically in Europe.) And he appeared in a villainous role as the Nazi-sympathizing son of Paul Lukas in the MGM film Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, a Technicolor, widescreen remake of The Four Horsemen|the famous 1921 silent Rudolph Valentino film.
Between 1974 and 1975, Böhm appeared prominently in four consecutive films from prolific New German Cinema director Rainer Werner Fassbinder: Martha, Effi Briest, Faustrecht der Freiheit (aka Fistfight of Freedom or Fox and his Friends), and Mutter Küsters' Fahrt zum Himmel (Mother Kusters Goes to Heaven).
Since 1981, when he founded Menschen für Menschen ("Humans for Humans"), Böhm has been actively involved in charitable work in Ethiopia.
Karlheinz Böhm has been married to Almaz Böhm, a native of Ethiopia, since 1991. They have two children, Nicolas (born 1990) and Aida (born 1993). Böhm has five more children from previous marriages, among them, the actress Katharina Böhm (born 1964).