Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest and Pablo Muñoz Vega: Difference between pages

Styles of
**Pablo Cardinal Muñoz Vega**
Styles of; Pablo Cardinal Muñoz Vega
Reference style	His Eminence
Spoken style	Your Eminence
Informal style	Cardinal
See	Quito

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Revision as of 19:45, 13 October 2008

Pablo Cardinal Muñoz Vega S.J. (23 May 1903 - 3 June 1994) was an Ecuadorian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Quito.

He was born in Mira, Carchi. He joined the Society of Jesus on 27 September 1918. He was educated at the Jesuit houses of studies in Ecuador, the Colegio Máximo de Oña in Burgos, Spain and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.

He was ordained to Holy Orders on 25 July 1933 in Rome. He served as on the staff of the Pontifical Gregorian University from 1937 to 1949 and from 1958 until 1964 he was Jesuit provincial of Ecuador. He was an expert at the Second Vatican Council in Rome for a year from 1962.

Episcopate

Pope Paul VI appointed him titular bishop of Ceramo which was raised to the level of an Archbishop pro hac vice and appointed was coadjutor bishop of Quito on 7 February 1964. He was consecrated on 19 March of that year. He succeeded to the metropolitan see of Quito on 23 June 1967.

Cardinalate

He was created and proclaimed Cardinal Priest of S. Roberto Bellarmino in the consistory of 28 April 1969. He participated in the conclave of 1978 that elected Pope John Paul I and the following conclave of October. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese in 1985 at the age of 82.

Preceded by Carlos Maria Cardinal de la Torre	Archbishop of Quito 23 June 1967–1 June 1985	Succeeded by Antonio José Cardinal González Zumárraga

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+{{infobox cardinalstyles|
-There have been many varied '''voting systems at the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]'''.
+cardinal name=Pablo Cardinal Muñoz Vega |
-Currently, the winner of the Contest is selected by means of a modified version of the [[Borda count]]. Each country ranks all the entries and assigns twelve points to their favorite entry; ten points to their second favorite entry; and eight down to one point to their third to tenth favorites. Countries are not allowed to vote for themselves.
+dipstyle=His Eminence|
+offstyle=Your Eminence|
+See=Quito|}}
+'''Pablo Cardinal Muñoz Vega''' [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] ([[23 May]] [[1903]] - [[3 June]] [[1994]]) was an [[Ecuador]]ian prelate of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quito|Archbishop of Quito]].
+He was born in Mira, [[Carchi Province|Carchi]]. He joined the [[Society of Jesus]] on [[27 September]] [[1918]]. He was educated at the Jesuit houses of studies in [[Ecuador]], the [[Colegio Máximo de Oña]] in [[Burgos]], [[Spain]] and the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in [[Rome]].
-The current method for ranking entries is by a [[televoting|telephone vote]] among the viewers. In the past, small demographically balanced juries were used to rank the entries. Juries are still used when televoting malfunctions or is impractical - for example, in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2003|2003]], [[Eircom]]'s telephone polls system ceased to operate normally. The Irish broadcaster, [[RTÉ]], did not receive the votes on time and instead used a panel of judges, and it was highly criticized by Russia.
+He was ordained to [[Holy Orders]] on [[25 July]] [[1933]] in Rome. He served as on the staff of the Pontifical Gregorian University from 1937 to 1949 and from 1958 until 1964 he was Jesuit provincial of Ecuador. He was an expert at the [[Second Vatican Council]] in Rome for a year from 1962.
-The [[Eurovision Song Contest 1956|1956 Contest]] did not have regional voting. The [[BBC]] had used the idea of contacting regional [[jury|juries]] by telephone in their national competition to choose their [[Eurovision Song Contest 1956|1956]] song. The EBU later adopted the idea of contacting the international juries by telephone, and was used from the next contest, and used until [[1993]]. In [[1994]], the Contest saw the first satellite link-up to juries. See below.
+==Episcopate==
-The presenters of the Contest connect by satellite to each country in turn, inviting the spokesperson to read out that country's votes in French or English. The presenters then repeat the votes in the alternate language. Due to time constraints in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|2004]] and [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005|2005]], the voting was only translated from English to French and vice-versa instead of repeating the votes that were said. To offset the extension to voting time caused by the increased number of participating countries, from the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2006|2006]] contest onwards, each country's one to seven point votes were simply added automatically to the scoreboard as that country's spokesperson was introduced, with only the eight, ten and twelve-point scores being read out.
+[[Pope Paul VI]] appointed him [[titular bishop]] of ''Ceramo'' which was raised to the level of an [[Archbishop]] ''[[pro hac vice]]'' and appointed was [[coadjutor bishop]] of Quito on [[7 February]] [[1964]]. He was consecrated on [[19 March]] of that year. He succeeded to the [[metropolitan see]] of [[Quito]] on [[23 June]] [[1967]].
-===Tie-breakers===
+==Cardinalate==
+He was created and proclaimed  Cardinal Priest of ''[[S. Roberto Bellarmino]]'' in the [[consistory]] of [[28 April]] [[1969]]. He participated in the [[Papal conclave, August 1978|conclave]] of 1978 that elected [[Pope John Paul I]] and the following conclave of [[Papal conclave, October 1978|October]]. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese in 1985 at the age of 82.
-In the event of a tie for first place after all the points have been announced, there is a tie-break procedure. It was realised that a tie-break procedure need be predetermined following the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1969|1969 contest]], where [[France in the Eurovision Song Contest|France]], the [[Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest|Netherlands]], [[Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest|Spain]] and the [[United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest|United Kingdom]] tied for first place. Since no tie-breaking system had been previously decided, it was determined that all four countries be jointly awarded the title. In protest, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Portugal did not participate the following year.
+{{start box}}
-Current tie-breaking rules are to count the number of countries who assigned any points to each entry in the tie. If there is still a tie, the second tie breaker is to count the number of countries who assigned twelve points to each entry in the tie. Tie-breaks continue with ten points, eight points, and so on until the tie is resolved. Ties for other places are only officially resolved if they matter for qualification purposes.
+{{succession box |
+before=[[Carlos Maria Cardinal de la Torre]] |
+title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quito|Archbishop of Quito]]|
+after=[[Antonio José Cardinal González Zumárraga]] |
+years=[[23 June]] [[1967]]&ndash;[[1 June]] [[1985]]}}
+{{end box}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Munoz Vega, Pablo}}
-In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|1991]], the tie-break procedure was put into action when [[Sweden]] and France both scored 146 points after the voting had finished. At the time, the tie-break rule was slightly different, that is the first tie-break rule (the country voted for by the most other countries wins) was not yet in use. Both Sweden and France had received the maximum of twelve points four times. Only when the number of ten point scores had been counted, Sweden, represented by Carola with the song "Fångad av en stormvind" (Captured by a Love Storm), could acclaim its third victory. Thus, the French song, "C'est le dernier qui a parlé qui a raison" ("It's he who speaks last that is right") performed by Amina, came second with the smallest margin ever to spare to the winner.
+[[Category:Ecuadorian cardinals]]
+[[Category:Ecuadorian Roman Catholics]]
+[[Category:20th century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
+[[Category:1903 births]]
+[[Category:1994 deaths]]
+[[de:Pablo Muñoz Vega]]
-===Nul points===
+[[it:Pablo Muñoz Vega]]
-Since each of the participating countries casts a series of votes, it is rare that a song fails to receive any votes at all. Under the modern rules this means that the song failed to make the top ten most popular songs in ''any'' country. When it does happen, it is known as ''nul points'', from the practice of reading results in French as well as English during the broadcast. It should be noted, however, that the phrase ''nul points'' (nor, for that matter, any other referring to a country not having got points from other country's voters) is never actually read out during the presentation of the Contest. This sentence doesn't mean anything in [[French language|French]].
+[[no:Pablo Muñoz Vega]]
+[[pl:Pablo Muñoz Vega]]
-Entries which received ''nul points'', since the introduction of the current scoring system in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1975|1975]] are as follows:
+[[fi:Pablo Muñoz Vega]]
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1978|1978]], Norway's "Mil etter mil" by [[Jahn Teigen]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1981|1981]], Norway's "Aldri i livet" by [[Finn Kalvik]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1982|1982]], Finland's "Nuku pommiin" by [[Kojo (singer)|Kojo]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1983|1983]], two entries: Turkey's "Opera" by [[Çetin Alp]] and [[Short Wave]] and Spain's "¿Quién maneja mi barca?" by [[Remedios Amaya]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1987|1987]], Turkey's "Şarkım Sevgi Üstüne" by [[Seyyal Taner]] and [[Grup Locomotif]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1988|1988]], Austria's "Lisa, Mona Lisa" by [[Wilfried]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1989|1989]], Iceland's "Það sem enginn sér" by [[Daníel Ágúst]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|1991]], Austria's "Venedig im Regen" by [[Thomas Forstner]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1994|1994]], Lithuania's "Lopšinė mylimai" by [[Ovidijus Vyšniauskas]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1997|1997]], two entries: Norway's "San Francisco" by [[Tor Endresen]] and Portugal's "Antes do adeus" by [[Célia Lawson]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 1998|1998]], Switzerland's "Lass ihn" by [[Gunvor]].
-* In [[Eurovision Song Contest 2003|2003]], UK's "[[Cry Baby (Jemini song)|Cry Baby]]" by [[Jemini]].
-In his book ''Nul Points'', comic writer [[Tim Moore (writer)|Tim Moore]] interviews each of these performers to find out if their Eurovision score was the end of their music career or just the beginning.
-Since the creation of a semi-final in 2004 and two semi-finals in 2008, more than thirty countries vote each night - even the
-countries eliminated or already qualified. Thus the ''nul points'' become rarer: it would mean, being less than tenth in every country.
-However, in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|2004 semi-final]], where 32 countries voted, Switzerland's "Celebrate" by [[Piero & The Musicstars]] received ''nul points''.
-===Political and regional voting patterns===
-{{Original research|section|date=July 2007}}
-==== Regional block voting ====<!-- This section is linked from [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008]] -->
-[[Image:Eurovision block voting 2001-2005.svg|thumb|right|300px|Block voting in the Eurovision Song Contest from 2001 to 2005 according to Derek Gatherer (2006)<ref name="Derek"/><br />
-{{legend|#ffe680|"The Pyrenean Axis"}}
-{{legend|#ff9955|"The Partial Benelux"}}
-{{legend|#5599ff|"The Viking Empire"}}
-{{legend|#ff5555|"The Warsaw Pakt"}}
-{{legend|#87de87|"The Balkan Block"}}]]
-There is academic evidence that regional block voting exists.<ref name="Derek">{{cite paper
-  | author = Derek Gatherer
-  | title = Comparison of Eurovision Song Contest Simulation with Actual Results Reveals Shifting Patterns of Collusive Voting Alliances.
-  | date = [[2005-09-20]]
-  | url = http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/9/2/1.html
-  | accessdate = 2007-05-14
-}}</ref>
-The three most notable voting blocks are:
-* the ''Balkan Block'', primarily the former [[Yugoslavia]] ([[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]], [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Slovenia]]), along with [[Albania]], [[Hungary]] and [[Bulgaria]].
-* the ''Nordic Block'', comprising [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]], sometimes along with the Baltic states
-* and the ''Ex Soviet Block'', former USSR countries: [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Moldova]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]].
-In the 2008 contest the 9 participating countries of former USSR could award to themselves a theorical maximum of 402 points. Actually 307 of such points were awarded within the block, but only 95 points to the other 16 countries.
-In the 2008 contest the 6 participating countries of former Yugoslavia could award to themselves a theorical maximum of 156 points. Actually 130 of such points were awarded within the block, but only 26 points to the other 19 countries.
-Pairs of countries that regularly award each other high points are:
-*[[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]]
-*[[Greece]] and [[Armenia]]
-*[[Bulgaria]] and [[Greece]]
-*[[Finland]] and [[Sweden]]
-*[[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]]
-*[[Norway]] and [[Sweden]]
-*[[Iceland]] and [[Denmark]]
-*[[Romania]] and [[Moldova]]
-*[[Turkey]] and [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
-*[[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]]
-*[[Armenia]] and [[Russia]]
-*[[Russia]] and [[Belarus]]
-*[[Hungary]] and [[Romania]]
-*[[Poland]] and [[Ukraine]]
-*[[Portugal]] and [[Spain]]
-*[[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]]
-*[[Finland]] and [[Estonia]]
-*[[Azerbaijan]] and [[Turkey]]
-*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[United Kingdom]]
-*[[Spain]] and [[Andorra]]
-*[[Serbia]] and [[Croatia]]
-*[[Serbia]] and [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
-*[[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
-===Diaspora voting===
-There is also said to exist "diaspora voting" where [[immigration|immigrants]] vote for their origin countries. These could be examples of diaspora voting:
-*[[Germany]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], [[Denmark]] and [[France]] to [[Turkey]]
-Germany and the Netherlands each have awarded at least 10 points to Turkey in all 6 recent contests from 2003 to 2008.
-*[[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]] and [[France]] to [[Armenia]]
-*[[Spain]] to [[Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]]
-*[[France]] to [[Portugal]], [[Armenia]] and [[Israel]]
-*[[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Denmark]], [[Austria]], and [[Switzerland]] to [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] and [[Serbia]]
-*[[Hungary]] to [[Serbia]] and [[Romania]]
-*[[Portugal]] to [[Ukraine]] and [[Romania]]
-*[[United Kingdom]] to [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]]
-*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] to [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Poland]] and [[United Kingdom]]
-*[[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]] to [[Russia]]
-*[[Germany]] to [[Turkey]], [[Greece]], [[Russia]], [[Poland]], [[Serbia]], [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
-*[[Greece]] to [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Ukraine]]
-*[[Israel]] to [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Romania]]
-*[[France]], [[Belgium]] and [[Switzerland]] to [[Spain]]
-*[[Cyprus]] to [[Russia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Ukraine]], [[Armenia]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
-*[[Switzerland]] to [[Portugal]]
-==Failed voting systems==
-One of the most notable examples of a failed voting system was the one used for the [[1969]] contest. This system had been used since between 1957 and 1961, and later in 1967 and 1968. Ten jurors in each country assigned gave a single vote to their favourite song. Four countries tied for first place (UK, Netherlands, France, and Spain), and there was no tie-break procedure.
-Between 1962 and 1966, a voting system closer to the current system was used. In 1962 each country awarded its top three one, two and three points, in 1963 the top five was awarded one, two, three, four and five points, and from 1964 until 1966, each country awarded its top three one, three and five points. With the latter system, there was an additional rule that each country could choose not to give points to three countries, but award points to two countries (giving one a three and the other a six) like in 1965, where Belgium awarded the United Kingdom six, and Italy three points.
-The [[1971]], [[1972]], and [[1973]] contests saw the jurors 'in vision' for the first time. Each country was represented by two jurors - one older than 25 and one younger, with at least ten years' difference in their ages. Each juror gave a minimum of one point and a maximum of five points for each song. In [[1974]], the previous system of ten jurors was used, and the following year, the current system was introduced. Spokespeople were next seen on screen in [[1994]] by satellite link up to the venue.
-== References ==
-{{reflist}}
-{{Eurovision years}}
-[[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]]