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{{UNSCR}}
{{For|information (demographics, etc.) about the [[census-designated place]] (6.2 [[square mile]]s) within the larger [[Fort Bliss]] [[military installation]] |Fort Bliss, Texas}}


{| class="wikitable"
{{Infobox Military Structure
|width="5%"|'''Resolution'''
|name =Fort Bliss<br>
|width="25%"|'''Date'''
<small>[[Eponym]] (1854):</small> [[William Wallace Smith Bliss]]<ref>'''NOTE''': In 1955, [[William Wallace Smith Bliss]] remains were re-interred at the '''Fort Bliss National Cemetery'''.</ref>
|width="20%"|'''Vote'''
|partof = [[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command|Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)]]
|width="50%"|'''Concerns'''
|location =[[Southwestern United States]]
|-
|image =[[Image:Abrams Tank at the Dona Anna Range.jpg|250px]]
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1801|1801]]
|caption =An Abrams tank crew on [[Fort Bliss]]’s [[Doña Ana]] Range.
|[[20 February]] [[2008]]
|type =[[Military installation]]
|Adopted
|built=1849-1893<ref>'''NOTE''': A total of five separate areas have housed the military post from its original creation to the present; therefore the time frame given takes all of these moves into account.</ref>
|The situation in Somalia
|materials=
|-
|used=1849-Present<ref>Fort Bliss was abandoned twice before it became a permanent facility; this time frame does not take into account the years when the post was not in service</ref>
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1802|1802]]
|controlledby=1849-1861: {{USA}}<br/>
|[[25 February]] [[2008]]
1861-1862: [[Image:Confederate National Flag since Mar 4 1865.svg|20px]] [[Confederate States of America |CSA]]<br/>
|Adopted
1862-Present: {{USA}}
|The situation in Timor-Leste
|garrison=[[Missile Defense Command |32d Army Air and Missile Defense Command]]<br/>
|-
[[Image:42FABdeDUI.png|20px]][[:Category:Field artillery units of the United States Army |6th,11th,31st]] [[Air Defense Artillery Branch (United States Army) |ADA]] [[Artillery Brigade |Brigades]]<br/>
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1803|1803]]
[[212th Fires Brigade (United States)|212th Fires Brigade]]<br/>
|[[3 March]] [[2008]]
[[527th_Military_Intelligence_Battalion_(United_States) |204th MI Battalion]]<br>
|14-0 with one abstention from Indonesia.
[[Joint Task Force Six]]<br/>
|Non-proliferation
[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/mcgregor.htm USACAS]<br/>
|-
[[Image:1st US Armored Division SSI.png|20px]][[U.S. 1st Armored Division]]<br><br>
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1804|1804]]
'''Facilities''':<ref name="gs"/><br>
|[[13 March]] [[2008]]
[[Biggs Army Airfield]]<br>
|Adopted
[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/mcgregor.htm McGregor Range]<br>
|The situation in The Great Lakes Region (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
[[Doña Ana]] Range<br>
|-
North Training Area<br>
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1805|1805]]
South Training Area
|[[20 March]] [[2008]]
|current_commander=[[Major General (United States)|Major General]] [[Howard B. Bromberg]]
|Adopted
|commanders=[[John J. Pershing]]
|Threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts
|battles=
|-
}}
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1806|1806]]
|[[20 March]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Afghanistan
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1807|1807]]
|[[31 March]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1808|1808]]
|[[15 April]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Georgia
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1809|1809]]
|[[16 April]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|Peace and security in Africa
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1810|1810]]
|[[25 April]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|Non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1811|1811]]
|[[29 April]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Somalia
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1812|1812]]
|[[30 April]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1813|1813]]
|[[30 April]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation concerning Western Sahara
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1814|1814]]
|[[15 May]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Somalia
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1815|1815]]
|[[2 June]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in the Middle East
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1816|1816]]
|[[2 June]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Somalia
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1818|1817]]
|[[11 June]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Afghanistan
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1818|1818]]
|[[13 June]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Cyprus
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1819|1819]]
|[[18 June]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Liberia
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1820|1820]]
|[[19 June]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|Women and Peace and Security
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1821|1821]]
|[[June 27]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in the Middle East
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1822|1822]]
|[[June 30]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|Threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1823|1823]]
|[[July 10]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation concerning Rwanda
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1824|1824]]
|[[July 18]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1825|1825]]
|[[July 23]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|Letter dated 22 November 2006 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2006/920)
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1826|1826]]
|[[July 29]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Côte d’Ivoire
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1827|1827]]
|[[July 30]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation between Eritrea and Ethiopia
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1828|1828]]
|[[July 31]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1829|1829]]
|[[August 4]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Sierra Leone
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1830|1830]]
|[[August 7]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation concerning Iraq
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1831|1831]]
|[[August 19]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Somalia
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1832|1832]]
|[[August 27]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in the Middle East
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1833|1833]]
|[[September 22]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Afghanistan
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1834|1834]]
|[[September 24]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Chad, the Central African Republic and the subregion
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1835|1835]]
|[[September 27]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|Non-proliferation
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1836|1836]]
|[[September 29]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Liberia
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1837|1837]]
|[[September 29]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1838|1838]]
|[[October 7]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Somalia
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1839|1839]]
|[[October 9]] [[2008]]
|Adopted
|The situation in Georgia
|-
|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1840|1840]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1841|1841]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1842|1842]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1843|1843]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1844|1844]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1845|1845]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1846|1846]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1847|1847]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1848|1848]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1849|1849]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1850|1850]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1851|1851]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1852|1852]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1853|1853]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1854|1854]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1855|1855]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1856|1856]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1857|1857]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1858|1858]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1859|1859]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1860|1860]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1861|1861]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1862|1862]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1863|1863]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1864|1864]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1865|1865]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1866|1866]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1867|1867]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1868|1868]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1869|1869]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1870|1870]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1871|1871]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1872|1872]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1873|1873]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1874|1874]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1875|1875]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1876|1876]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1877|1877]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1878|1878]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1879|1879]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1880|1880]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1881|1881]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1882|1882]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1883|1883]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1884|1884]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1885|1885]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1886|1886]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1887|1887]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1888|1888]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1889|1889]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1890|1890]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1891|1891]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1892|1892]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1893|1893]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1894|1894]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1895|1895]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1896|1896]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1897|1897]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1898|1898]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1899|1899]]
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|[[UN Security Council Resolution 1900|1900]]
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{{United Nations}}
'''Fort Bliss''' is a [[United States Army]] [[military installation]] of approximately {{convert|1700|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} -- the second largest in the Army behind the adjacent [[White Sands Missile Range]], and the largest [[TRADOC]] installation. [[Fort Bliss]] has the largest Maneuver Area{{Clarifyme}} in the Army behind the [[National Training Center]]. [[Fort Bliss]] also provides the largest contiguous tract of virtually{{Clarifyme}} un[[restricted airspace]] ({{convert|1500|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}) in the [[Continental United States]].<ref name="gs">


[[Category:United Nations Security Council resolutions|*1801]]
{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/fort-bliss.htm |title=Fort Bliss |accessdate= |accessmonthday=September 24 |accessyear=2006 |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org}}</ref>

Fort Bliss maintains and trains several U.S. [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot Missile Batteries]]. Between 2008-2011, elements of the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|U.S. 1st Armored Division]] will arrive at Fort Bliss to replace [[Air Defense Artillery]] (ADA) Brigades moving to [[Fort Sill]], transforming Fort Bliss to a '''Heavy Armor Training''' post.

==History==
In 1846, Colonel [[Alexander Doniphan]] led [[Mexican American War campaigns#Monterrey, 21 September 1846 |1st Regiment of Missouri mounted volunteers]] through [[El Paso del Norte]] enroute to victories at the [[Battle of El Brazito]] and the [[Battle of the Sacramento]].

===Early Fort Bliss locations===
*'''Post opposite El Paso del Norte (1849-1854)''': On 7 November 1848, '''War Department General Order no. 58''' ordered the establishment of a post<ref name=Metz>

{{cite book |last=Metz |first=Leon Claire |coauthors=Tom Lea; Jose Cisneros |year=1988 |title=Desert Army: Fort Bliss on the Texas Border |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ASfJAAAACAAJ&dq=Desert+Army:+Fort+Bliss+on+the+Texas+Border |format=html |edition=1st paperback |publisher=Mangan Books |location=El Paso, Texas |language= |id=ISBN 0-930208-36-6 |doi = |pages= |accessdate=2008-10-09}} '''NOTE''': At the time of its creation, the first post occupied territory that was considered to be part of [[New Mexico]], and the post remained the strongest military encampment in New Mexico until the 32nd parallel was designated the official boundary between New Mexico and Texas in 1850.</ref> across from [[Ciudad Juárez |El Paso del Norte (now Juàrez)]].[http://www.lavenpublishing.com/history1.html] On [[8 September]] [[1849]], the garrison party of several companies of the [[3rd United States Infantry Regiment (TOG)|3rd U.S. Infantry]], commanded by [[List of Texas county seat name etymologies |Major Jefferson Van Horne]], found only four small and scattered settlements on the north side of the [[Rio Grande]]. The fort was first established at the site of '''Smith's Ranch''' (now downtown [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]]) and, along with [[Fort Selden]] and other Southwestern outposts, protected recently-won territory from harassing [[Apache]]s and [[Comanche]]s. With constant Indian raids, garrisons had to be moved frequently to meet the shifting threats. In 1851, the{{Clarifyme}} two companies of troops stationed in El Paso were moved 40 miles north to [[Fort Fillmore]]. For more than two years,{{Clarifyme}} there was no garrison at [[El Paso del Norte]].

{{externalimage|align=right|images=
[http://www.lavenpublishing.com/history1.html Camp Concordia]<br>
[http://www.lavenpublishing.com/history1.html Post Guide and Telephone Directory]<br>
[http://blissmwr.com/map/ Map]<br>
[http://www.fbmonitor.com Post Newspaper]<br>
[https://www.bliss.army.mil/PAO/sitemap.htm Fort Bliss sitemap]<br>
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tP0kDA_7uFg Fort Bliss Cemetery Video]<br>
}}
*'''Magoffinsville''': When the '''Smith's Ranch''' post was abandoned in 1854, a new post was established at '''Magoffinsville'''. There it remained for the next 14 years, serving as a base for troops guarding the area against Apache attacks. Until 1861 most of these troops were units of the [[8th Infantry Regiment (United States) |8th Infantry]].<ref>

{{cite web|url=https://www.bliss.army.mil/Museum/FortBlissTexas.htm |title=Information taken from the Fort Bliss Museum Website |accessdate= |accessmonthday=September 21 |accessyear=2006 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=United States Army|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=}}</ref> At the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]], [[David Emanuel Twiggs |the Commander of the Department of Texas]] ordered the garrison to [[surrender]] [[Fort Bliss]] to [[Confederate States of America|the Confederacy]]. Confederate forces held the post in 1861, and used the post as a platform to launch [[Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War#Arizona and New Mexico|attacks into New Mexico and Arizona]] in an effort to force the Union garrisons still in these states to surrender. Initially the Confederate Army had success in their attempts to [[New Mexico Campaign|gain control of New Mexico]], but following the [[Battle of Glorieta Pass]] Confederate soldiers were forced to retreat. The Confederate garrison abandoned Fort Bliss without a fight the next year when a Federal column of 2,350 men under the command of [[Colonel]] '''James H. Carlton''' advanced from [[California]]. The Californians maintained an irregular garrison at Fort Bliss until 1865 when 5th Infantry units arrived to reestablish the post.<ref name=Metz/>
[[Image:OldFtBliss,Replica1948.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Replica of Old Fort Bliss, dedicated on the 100th anniversary, 1948. Located next to the Parade Ground.]]
*'''Camp Concordia (1868-1876)''':[http://www.lavenpublishing.com/history1.html] After 1868 [[Rio Grande]] flooding seriously damaged the '''Magoffinsville''' post, Fort Bliss was moved to a site called '''Camp Concordia''' in March 1868. Camp Concordia's location was immediately south of what is now [[Interstate 10]], across from Concordia Cemetery in El Paso. The [[Rio Grande]] was about a mile south of the camp at that time; water was hauled daily by mule team to the camp. In 1869 the old name of [[Fort Bliss]] was resumed. Water, heating, and sanitation facilities were at a minimum in the [[adobe]] buildings of the fort; records reveal that troops suffered severely from [[dysentery]] and [[malaria]] and that supplies arrived irregularly over the [[Santa Fe Trail]] by [[wagon train]]. The Concordia post was abandoned in December, 1876, and after troops left in January, El Paso was without a garrison for more than a year. By that time, the town and its environs on the north side of the river had swelled to a population of almost 800.

*'''Hart's Mill (1878-1893)''': In 1878, [[Fort Bliss]] was established as a permanent post; the [[Buffalo Soldier]]s of the [[Ninth Cavalry]] were sent to Fort Bliss to prevent further [[San Elizario Salt War|trouble over the salt beds]] and the usage of Rio Grande water for irrigation purposes. Prior to this date, the government had had a policy of simply leasing property for its military installations. Now, however, a tract of 135 acres was purchased at '''Hart's Mill''' on the river's edge in the Pass, near what is today the [[University of Texas at El Paso |UTEP]]. With a $40,000 appropriation, a building program was begun. The first railroad arrived in 1881, and tracks were laid across the military reservation, thereby solving the supply problems for the fort and the rapidly-growing town of El Paso. By 1890, '''Hart's Mill''' had outlived its usefulness, and Congress appropriated $150,000 for construction of a military installation on the mesa, approximately 5 miles east of El Paso. Although no money was appropriated for the land, $8,250 was easily raised by the local residents, who realized the economic benefit to the area.<ref>

{{citation |last=Harris |first=Major Kevin L. |title=Guardian of the Pass: the story of the U.S. Army in El Paso }}</ref> The present site of Fort Bliss was laid out by '''Captain John Ruhlen''' from 1891 to 1892 and was first occupied by units of the [[18th Infantry Regiment (United States) |18th Infantry]] in October 1893.
[[Image:CeremonialParadeGrounds,FortBliss.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Parade Ground of Fort Bliss. [[Franklin Mountains (Texas)|Franklin Mountains]] in the background.]]

===The Pershing Expedition===
In January 1914, [[John J. Pershing]] arrived<ref>'''NOTE''': After a year at Fort Bliss, Pershing decided to arrange for his family to join him. The arrangements were almost complete when, on the morning of [[August 27]], [[1915]], he received a telegram telling him of a fire in the [[Presidio of San Francisco]]. His wife and three young daughters had been burned to death; only his six-year-old son Warren had been saved.Many who knew Pershing said that he never recovered from the deaths of his wife and daughters. After the funerals at Lakeview Cemetery in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]], Pershing returned to Fort Bliss with his son, Warren, and his sister Mae, and resumed his duties as commanding officer.</ref> in El Paso to take command of the [[8th Military Police Brigade (United States) |Army 8th Brigade]] that was stationed at Fort Bliss. At the time, the [[Mexican Revolution]] was in underway in [[Mexico]], and the 8th Brigade had been assigned the task of securing the [[U.S.-Mexico border]]. In March 1915, under the command of General [[Frederick Funston]], Pershing led the 8th Brigade on the failed 1916&ndash;1917 [[Pancho Villa Expedition#Campaign |Punitive Expedition]] into [[Mexico]] in search of the outlaw [[Pancho Villa]].<ref>'''NOTE''': During the [[Pancho Villa Expedition#Campaign |Pancho Villa Expedition]], General Pershing was assigned a 1915 [[Dodge Brothers]] [[touring car]], serial number 3066, and [[George S. Patton]] served as one of Pershing's aides. [This footnote should be moved to the [[Pancho Villa Expedition#Campaign |Pancho Villa Expedition]] wikipage.]</ref>

===World War I and World War II===
As [[American Expeditionary Force]]s (AEF) commander (1917-1918), [[John J. Pershing]] transferred to Fort Bliss and was responsible for the organization, training, and supply of an inexperienced force that eventually grew from 27,000 men to over 2,000,000 -- the [[National Army]] of [[World War I]]).

From December 10, 1917-May 12, 1918, the wartime [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)#1920s and 1930s |15th Cavalry Division]] existed at Fort Bliss. Similarly, the [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)#1920s and 1930s |Headquarters, 2nd Cavalry Brigade]] was initially activated at Fort Bliss on December 10, 1917 and then deactivated in July 1919, but then reactivated at Fort Bliss on August 31, 1920. Predominantly a cavalry post since 1912, Fort Bliss acquired three light armored cars, eight medium armored cars, two motorcycles, and two trucks on [[November 8]] [[1928]].<ref name=Metz/>

During [[World War II]], Fort Bliss focused on training (AAA)[[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft battalions]]. In September 1940 the '''Coast Artillery's anti-aircraft training center''' was established, and in 1941 the [[List of units using the B-26 Marauder during World War II#Tow target squadrons |1st Tow Target Squadron]] arrived to fly target drones<ref name=Metz/> (the [[List of units using the B-26 Marauder during World War II#Tow target squadrons |6th, 19th, & 27th Tow Target Squadrons]] were at the nearby [[Biggs Army Airfield |Biggs Field]]). On [[August 3]], [[1944]], the [[United States Army Air Defense Artillery School |Anti-Aircraft Artillery School]] was ordered from [[Camp Davis]] to Fort Bliss to make the training of anti-aircraft gunners easier, and they became the dominant force at Fort Bliss following the departure of the [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|U.S. 1st Cavalry Division]].<ref name=Metz/>

[[Image:Project Paperclip Team at Fort Bliss.jpg|thumb|right|200px|104 [[Operation Paperclip]] scientists of Fort Bliss/[[White Sands Missile Range|WSPG]]]]
<!--A Ft Bliss or WSMR volunteer should use the mountain background of http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/photo/team.html to resolve whether the photos were taken at Fort Bliss or WSPG-->

Following their November 16, 1945,<ref>

{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://moore-mccormack.com/SS-Argentina-1938/SS-Argentina-1938-Timeline.htm|format=html |title=S.S. Argentina Timeline|work=Moore-McCormack Lines Ocean Liners|date=|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=Bill Vinson and Ginger Quering Casey}}</ref> arrival in New York on the '''[[SS Argentina (1929)|SS Argentina]]''', a group of 55 [[Operation Paperclip]] German scientists arrived at Fort Bliss on December 2 to work on American missile development.<ref name=McGovern>

{{cite book |last=McGovern|first=J|title=Crossbow and Overcast|year=1964|publisher=W. Morrow|location=New York|pages=p209-210,233,246}}</ref> By February 1946, over 100 scientists had arrived and were attached to the Office of the Chief of [[Ordnance Corps (United States Army) |Ordnance Corps]], Research and Development Service, Suboffice (Rocket), headed by '''Major James P. Hamill'''.<ref name=McGovern/> Although the scientists were initially “pretty much kept [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/on_ice on ice]” (resulting in the nickname '''Operation Icebox'''),<ref name=McGovern/> they were subsequently divided into a research group and a group who assisted with [[List of V-2 test launches|V-2 test launches]] at [[White Sands Missile Range|White Sands Proving Grounds]].<ref name=Huzel>

{{cite book |last=Huzel|first=Dieter K||title=Peenemünde to Canaveral|year=1962|month= |publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs NJ||pages=p210,214}}</ref> German families began arriving in December 1946,<ref name=McGovern/> and by the spring of 1948, the number of German rocket specialists (nicknamed "[http://books.google.com/books?id=8jIeqqCkDHQC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=%22prisoners+of+peace%22+%22von+braun%22&source=web&ots=-q1zfMmcre&sig=etMeRdN00lDmguumowvPHRQzYpo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result Prisoners of Peace]") in the US was 127.<ref name=McGovern/> Fort Bliss rocket launches included firings of the [[Private (missile)|Private missile]] at the [[Hueco Mountains |Hueco Range]] in April 1945.<ref name=Ley>

{{cite book |last=Ley|first=Willy|authorlink=Willy Ley||title=Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel|origdate=1944|year=1951 (revised edition 1958)|month= |publisher=The Viking Press|location=New York|pages=p246}}'''NOTE''': In 1946, the United States honored the 100th year of Fort Bliss with a [[commemorative stamp]] depicting a rocket launch, the first stamp ever issued by the US related to space efforts or to depict a rocket.</ref> In 1953, funding cuts caused the cancellation of work on the [[Hermes project|Hermes B2 ramjet]] work that had begun at Fort Bliss.<ref name=Ordway>

{{cite book |last=Ordway |first= Frederick I, III|authorlink= |coauthors=Sharpe, Mitchell R|title=The Rocket Team|series= Apogee Books Space Series 36|year= 1979|publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell|location=New York|pages=p395,423}} '''NOTE''': On September 3, 1948, ‘’’FBI informant PT-1’’’ reported a Fort Bliss barber had been recruited to send missile photographs and information to the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City.<sup><small>p406</small></sup></ref>

===The Cold War===
[[Image:FtBliss,today.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Fort Bliss today.]]
Fort Bliss trained thousands of U.S. Soldiers during the [[Cold War]]. As the United States gradually came to master the art of building and operating missiles, Fort Bliss and [[White Sands Missile Range]] became more and more important to the country, and were expanded accordingly. On [[1 July]] [[1957]] the U.S. Army Air Defense Center was established at Fort Bliss. Located at this Center, in addition to Center Headquarters, are the [[United States Army Air Defense Artillery School|U.S. Army Air Defense School]]; Air Defense; the 6th Artillery Group (Air Defense); the 61st Ordnance Group; and other supporting elements.<ref>

{{cite web|url=http://www.goerigk-jever.de/history_fb.htm |title=HISTORY OF FORT BLISS |accessdate= |accessmonthday=September 23 |accessyear=2006 |author=United States Army |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=}}</ref><ref>

{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/adas.htm |title=Air Defense Artillery School |accessdate=2008-10-09 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=}}</ref> In 1957 Fort Bliss and its anti-aircraft personnel began using [[Nike Ajax]], [[Nike Hercules]], [[MIM-23 Hawk|Hawk]], [[Sprint (missile)|Sprint]], Chaparrel, and [[FIM-43 Redeye|Redeye]] missiles.<ref name=Metz/><ref>'''NOTE''': Two other surface-to-surface missile systems&mdash;LaCrosse and [[MGR-1 Honest John|Honest John]]&mdash; were based at [[Fort Sill]], [[Oklahoma]], but would frequently come to Fort Bliss for the purpose of conducting [[live fire exercise]]s.</ref> Fort Bliss took on the important role of providing a large area for troops to conduct [[live fire exercise]]s with the missiles.

Because of the large number of Army personnel enrolled in the air defense school, Fort Bliss saw two large rounds of construction in 1954 and 1958. The former was aimed at creating more barracks facilities, while the latter was aimed at building new classrooms, materials labs, a radar park, and a missile laboratory.<ref name=Metz/> Between 1953 and 1957 the Army also expanded McGregor Range in an effort to accommodate live fire exercises of the new missile systems.<ref name=Metz/>

Throughout the [[Cold War]] Fort Bliss remained a premier site for testing anti-aircraft equipment.

[[Image:6 ADA COA.gif|thumb|right|6th Coast Artillery coat of arms]]
While the [[United States Army Air Defense Artillery School]] develops doctrine and tactics, training current and future soldiers has always been its core mission. Until 1990 the post was used for [[United States Army Basic Training|Basic Training]] and [[Advanced Individual Training]] (AIT), under the 1/56 ADA [[Regiment]], part of 6th ADA. Before 1989, 1/56 had three basic training companies and two AIT [[Artillery battery|batteries]]. After 1990, 1/56 dropped basic training, that mission assumed by [[Fort Sill]]. The unit now had four enlisted batteries for enlisted AIT, one battery for the Officer's Basic Course and Captain's Career Course (added in 2004) and one company that trained army truck drivers ([[Military Occupational Specialty|MOS]] 88M). As of 2005, the AIT portion of the school has [[United States Army Air Defense Artillery School#Current_Status|undergone significant changes]].

===Base Realignment and Closure===
In 1995, the Department of Defense recommended that the [[Image:3CavRegtDUI.PNG|20px]][[U.S. 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment]] be relocated to [[Fort Carson]], [[Colorado]]. Efforts to consolidate units from another fort with those units that remained at Fort Bliss were overruled by the BRAC commission, leaving Fort Bliss without any armored vehicles. Units operating the US Army’s [[MIM-104 Patriot|MIM-104 Patriot Missile Defense System]] relocated to Fort Bliss during the 1990s.

===The War on Terror===
[[Image:Roshan Safi at Fort Bliss.JPG|thumb|right|Afghan Sgt. Maj. Roshan Safi was the first senior [[non commissioned officer]] from [[Afghanistan]] to graduate from the U.S. Sergeants Major Academy]]
Since the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], Fort Bliss has provided ADA Battalions for US and NATO use in Afghanistan and Iraq, and has served as one of the major deployment centers for troops bound for [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]]. This mission is accomplished via nearby [[Biggs Army Airfield]], which is included in the installation's supporting areas. Following the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S. Liberation of Afghanistan]] in 2001 Fort Bliss began training Afghan security forces at the [[United States Army Sergeants Major Academy|U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy]] at Fort Bliss, with the hope that these newly trained soldiers will eventually be able to take control of their own national security.

===[[Base Realignment and Closure, 2005]]===
In 2005, the Pentagon recommended transforming Fort Bliss into a heavy armor training post, to include approximately 11,500 new troops from the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|U.S. 1st Armored Division]] currently stationed in [[Germany]], as well as units from [[Fort Sill]] and [[Fort Hood]].<ref name="fiesta time">

{{cite news |first=Darren |last=Mertiz |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=It’s Fiesta time! |url= |format= |work=El Paso Times | publisher= |pages=1A |page= | date= | accessdate=2006-05-15 | language=English }}</ref> An estimated 15,918 military jobs and 384 civilian jobs would be transferred to Fort Bliss, bring the total number of troops stationed at Fort Bliss under this alignment to a total of 23,000 by 2011. Officials from Fort Bliss and the city of El Paso were thrilled with the decision; the general mood of the city was perfectly captured by the [[May 14]] edition of the ''[[El Paso Times]]'', which boldly proclaimed "BLISS WINS BIG".<ref name="bliss wins big">

{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Roberts |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=BLISS WINS BIG |url= |format= |work=El Paso Times | publisher= |pages=1A |page= | date= | accessdate=2006-10-20 | language=English }}</ref>

According to [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Eliot Shapleigh]], the BRAC commission considered three primary factors to make its decision: The military value of Fort Bliss, the potential for other branches of the armed service to use a post as large as Fort Bliss, and the lack of urban encroachment around Fort Bliss that would otherwise hinder its growth.<ref name="fiesta time"/> The arrival of the 11,500 troops from the 1st Armoured Division is also expected to create some 20,196 direct and indirect military and civilian jobs in El Paso. According to the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], this is the largest net gain in the United States tied to the Base Realignment and Closure recommendations. Of the 20,196 new jobs expected to come to El Paso as a result of Bliss’ realignment 9,000 would be indirect civilian jobs created by the influx of soldiers to the sun city. When the BRAC commission recommendations were released Senator [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]]’s spokesman reported that El Paso was the only area that came out with a major gain of forces.<ref name="jobs">

{{cite news |first=Louise |last=Gillot |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=20,196 jobs likely |url= |format= |work=El Paso Times | publisher= |pages=12A |page= | date= | accessdate=2006-10-20 | language=English }}</ref>

[[Image:Patriot missile launch b.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A U.S. Patriot Missile Fires from its launch canister]]
The news that El Paso had been selected to receive major elements of the 1st Armoured Division was met with joy, but at the same time many expressed surprise at the panel's recommendation to transfer the Air Defense Artillery School, [[6th Air Defense Artillery (United States)|6th ADA Brigade]], and its accompanying equipment (including the [[MIM-104 Patriot|MIM-104 Patriot Missile Anti-Aircraft/Anti Missile defense system]]) to [[Fort Sill]].<ref name="bliss wins big"/> On [[August 25]] officials representing Fort Bliss went before the BRAC Commission to plead their case for maintaining the ADA school and its accompanying equipment at Fort Bliss, citing among other thing the size of Fort Bliss and the history of the ADA school in the region.<ref name="gs"/> The BRAC Commission ultimately ruled against Fort Bliss, and the roughly 4,500 affected soldiers have begun their transfer to Fort Sill. The entire transfer of soldiers to and from Fort Bliss must be completed no later than [[15 September]] [[2011]].<ref name="gs"/>

==Fort Bliss today==
Fort Bliss today is vastly different from the original post created in 1849 to guard the area from Indian and Mexican raids. The mission of Fort Bliss has changed to providing anti-aircraft and missile defense capabilities, a role which Fort Bliss retains. As one of the largest military posts in the continental United States, Fort Bliss is also uniquely suited to conduct [[live fire exercise]]s of nearly every type of military weapon in the current US Army arsenal. Fort Bliss routinely conducts joint military exercises with other units from other US bases, and has trained soldiers from several nations around the world.

Fort Bliss is home to a large number of maintenance crews and supply units, and serves as one of the Army's premier bases for test driving tanks and other equipment. The fort also houses thousands of military vehicles, among them all the equipment needed to set up [[Patriot missile]] sites. Fort Bliss is the home of the [[Army Air and Missile Defense Command |Air Defense Artillery Center]], and monitors missile launches conducted by [[White Sands Missile Range]], located 70 miles (110 km) to the north, in [[New Mexico]].

{{Main|Fort Bliss, Texas}}
Although the largest percentage of [[Fort Bliss]] land is in [[New Mexico]], the main facilities are located adjacent to the city limits of [[El Paso, Texas]]. According to the city zoning map, the post officially resides in [[Central El Paso]].<ref>'''NOTE''': Depending on where one classifies the Central/Northeast boundary line, the post lies either in the [[Central El Paso]] or [[Northeast El Paso]].{{Clarifyme}}</ref> On post railroads provide transportation for army vehicles and, to a lesser extent, personnel.

In addition to the maintenance and air defense artillery capability, Fort Bliss also serves as the center for Exercise '''Roving Sands''', a multinational air and missile defense exercise. '''Roving Sands''' is designed to place emphasis on the interoperability of joint forces air component command (JFACC), joint missile defense command and air area defense command.<ref name="roving sands">

{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/ops/roving-sands.htm |title=Roving Sands |accessdate= |accessmonthday=September 22 |accessyear=2006 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=}}</ref> Since its inception in 1989 Roving Sands has been an annual exercise, but is held as a full-scale event every other year due in large part to budget constraints and real world missions.<ref name="roving sands"/> '''Roving Sands''' typically takes place in June after the March, April, and May "Windy Season".{{Fact|date=December 2007}}

[[Image:Leaving Fort Bliss.JPG|thumb|right|Signs such as this one inform motorists of the exit from Fort Bliss.]]
The support structure of the Fort Bliss area also includes a large medical installation, [[William Beaumont Army Medical Center]] and a [[Veterans Administration]] center, both located on a separate campus from the main post, at the eastern base of the [[Franklin Mountains (Texas)|Franklin Mountains]]. Training missions are supported by the McGregor Range Complex, located some 25 miles to the northeast, in the New Mexico desert. All of these supporting missions serve the military and retired-military population here, including having served General [[Omar N. Bradley]] in his last days.

The installation is also close to the El Paso Airport (with easy access from the fort via Robert E. Lee Road), Highway 54, and Interstate 10. There is a replica of the original Fort Bliss on the post simulating the adobe style of construction. Other items of interest include the [[Buffalo Soldier]] memorial statue on Robert E. Lee Road, and a missile museum on Pleasanton Road.

To this day, the walls of the Fort Bliss Officers Club still contain adobe bricks from over a century ago.

==Local impact of Fort Bliss==
In 1980, [[Fort Bliss]] contributed about $500 million to the [[El Paso]] economy;<ref name=Metz/> by 2005 that number had jumped to $1.7 billion.<ref name="jobs"/> Following the departure of the [[3rd Cavalry Regiment]] in 1995, many businesses located in the Central and Northeast parts of the city to close or move to other areas of the city. Conversely, the expected influx of troops of the [[1st Armored Division]] led to construction in both the Central and Northeast areas of El Paso.

In 1897 and 1925, the fort provided food and housing to those displaced by flood waters.<ref name=Metz/> Following the 2006 flooding Fort Bliss dispatched troops to the flood-affected areas to help with cleanup, to monitor and secure the Rio Grande, and to tow vehicles stuck in standing water to safety.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}

[[Captain John L. Chapin High School |Chapin High School]][http://chapin.episd.org/home.htm] is near [[Fort Bliss]] on land reserved for the United States Government.

{{portal|United States Army|United States Department of the Army Seal.svg}}
{{commonscat|Fort Bliss, Texas}}

==See also==
*[[Air Defense Artillery]]
*[[Cavalry]]
*[[El Paso metropolitan area]]
*[[Oozlefinch]]
*[[Saint Barbara]]
*[[Transformation_of_the_United_States_Army#Divisions_and_Brigades]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

{{TRADOC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bliss}}
[[Category:Forts in Texas]]
[[Category:Military in Texas]]
[[Category:United States Army posts]]
[[Category:United States Army training facilities]]

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Revision as of 19:29, 13 October 2008

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