Cedric Morris and Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal: Difference between pages

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The phrase Inner Terai Valleys or Bhitri tarai (भित्री तराइ) refers to various elongated valleys in Nepal lying between the southernmost Himalayan foothills, the ~600 metre Chure or Siwalak Range and the 2-3,000 metre high Mahabharat Range further north, whereas Outer Terai refers to plains extending south of the Chure/Sivalik Hills to the border with India.

Major examples in Nepal include the Chitwan Valley southwest of Kathmandu and the parallel Dang and Deukhuri Valleys in western Nepal.

Climate & Economy

In the past the inner and outer Terai regions contained thick, malaria-infested forests, forming a frontier between Nepal and the British Raj (1858-1947) in India. The indigenous people, Tharu had a degree of inherited resistance to malaria and populated these areas. After an malaria eradication campaign people migrated to the Terai from the mountains and from neighbouring India. Today more than half the population are migrants, and many towns have developed.

The Inner and Outer Tarai's are Nepal's richest economic regions, with fertile farms and forests. The Tarai is still Nepal's main source of food, and a migration destination for landless hill peasants. Tarai residents have more available agricultural land than other Nepalese because of the area's generally flat terrain, which is drained and nourished by several rivers. As well, the Terai has the largest commercially exploitable forests.

Environmental Issues

The Inner Terai valleys are home to a rich and diverse ecosystem. Since the early 1990s, however, the forests have been increasingly destroyed because of growing demands for timber and agricultural land^[1]^[2] This has led to concerns about the risk of losing many rare plant species^[3]^[4].

The valleys also play an important role in mitigating the severity of floods in the Gangetic plains. In times of heavy rainfall, the forests absorb the water. In times of heavy run-off from the Himalayan watershed, the rivers spread out from their banks, flooding the forest. Later, the forests gradually release the water into the rivers that feed the Ganges. Forest removal reduces or eliminates this buffering effect^[5].

Valleys

The Inner Terai includes several valleys, including^[6]:

Region	Valley	District	Rivers	Centers
East	Kamala^[7]	Udayapur	Triyuga	Gaighat (or Triyuga), Katari
Central South	Marin Khola	Sindhuli	Sun Koshi, Kamla (Tributaries of the Koshi)	Kamalamai
Central	Chitwan^[8]	Chitwan	Narayani (Gandaki), East Rapti^[9]	Bharatpur
Mid-West	Surkhet	Surkhet	Bheri^[10]	Birendranagar
West	Deukhuri	Dang Deokhuri	West Rapti^[11]
West	Dang	Dang Deokhuri	Babai^[12] Royal Bardia National Park	Tribhuvannagar
Far West	Jogbudha	Dadeldhura	Mahakali	Dadeldhura

Kamala Valley

26°47′N 86°41′E / 26.783°N 86.683°E / 26.783; 86.683

The Kamala Valley is in the Udayapur district in the south-east of Nepal. About 30 km long and between 2 km and 4 km wide, it is drained by the Triyuga river, which runs east to feed the great Koshi River. The valley lies between the Mahabharat Lekh (Range) to the north and the the Churia or Sivalik Hills to the south, with an average elevation of about 430 meters^[13].

Traditionally, the valley was primarily inhabited by the Dhanwar or Danuwar people^[14], but there is a fast-growing population of migrants from the Nepali hills and from India. Towns include Gaighat (or Triyuga) and Katari.

Marin Khola Valley

27°13′11″N 85°55′12″E / 27.21972°N 85.92000°E / 27.21972; 85.92000

Marin Khola Valley is one of the smaller Inner Terai Valleys, in the central south region, Sindhulī Garhi district^[15]. The Kokhajor Khola, the Marin Khola and the Kyan Khola rivers join in the valley to form the Kamala river, a major tributary to the Bhurengi^[16]..

The main town is Kamalamai.

The Indian government is concerned about flooding from the Kamala river, and is funding engineering projects in an attempt to control the situation^[17].

Chitwan Valley

Chitwan Valley is in central-southern Nepal. An Inner Terai valley, it is 150 km long and roughly 30-48 km wide. The cities of Bhartpur, Hetauda, and Ratnanagar are in the valley.

This valley geographically also named as a Narayni east Rapti valley, Naryani is the main river and life line of Chitwan Valley, which flow from the Himalayan Glassier with the tributaries of Kaligandaki, Trishuli,Seti, Madi,Marshangdi, Budhi Gandaki and Draudi this river also know as Sapta Gandaki as well as Gandak in India. Rapti rivar comes from the Range of Mahabhart and interd in CHitwan Valley from Hetuda this river pass trhrouh Chitwan Netional Park and Join Naryani in west of the Meghauli.

Chitwan valley was a princplity kingdom before unifying Nepal the capital of the principality was in Upardanggadhi, from the history Chepang, Gurung,Magar, Chetri and Bahun ware the main resident in the surrounding Mountain of Chitwan Valley, but the indigenous group Tharu, Danuwar,Darai and Majhi ware the historical inhabitant of the Plane of Chitwan Valley.

After control of Malaria in sixties by the help of United states the Plane of Chitwan Valley is one of the very attractive place in Nepal, people from Different part of the country start to come in this valley and make its their home.

In modern political divide of Nepal Chitwan Valley is divided in to two development Region. (Mid Development Region From Hetuda to Bharatpur,) two zones (Naryani Zone (Hetuda to Bharatpu) Lumbini Zone (Gaidakot to Daunne) and three district ( Makwanpur :- Hetuda to Manhari , Chitwan District:-Manhari to Bharatpur, Nawal Parashi District:- Gaidakot to Dawanne.

Chitwan valley is with very fertile land with enough water rescores two main irrigation system of Nepal (khageri Canal system and Narayni Lift System ) is implemented. The people of this migrant valley made very good progress in Agriculture (Nepali Standard) and industrialized their product large No. (more than 70% production of the country) of poultry industry is within this valley, there is a Hetuda industrial District within east corner in the valley, also floriculture and Bea form are other business of Chitwan Valley.

Surkhet Valley

The Surkhet Valley is in the mid-west of Nepal, in the Surkhet district. It is drained by the Bheri River^[18]. Birendranagar is a population center in the valley.

Deukhuri Valley

The Deukhuri Valley is in mid-western Nepal, in the Dang Deokhuri district. It is drained by the West Rapti river^[19].

Dang Valley

The Dang Valley is in mid-western Nepal, in the Dang Deokhuri. It is drained by the Babai river^[20]. Royal Bardia National Park.

The cities of Tribhuvannagar and Tulsipur are in this valley.

Jogbudha Valley

The Jogbudha Valley is in the far west of Nepal, in the Dadeldhura district. It is drained by the Mahakali river.

External Links

Dallith: Hayu : introduction

References

[1] Regional Workshop on Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Forest Management of Terai, Inner Terai and Churia in Nepal

[2] Forests Monitor: The Terai Forests

[3] Orchids in the Churiya Hills and their survival in Nepal

[4] An Overview of Floral Diversity in Wetlands of Terai Region of Nepal: M. Siwakoti, Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University Swayambhu, Nepal

[5] GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: a case study of Kosi River Basin, India

[6] Rivers Of North Bihar and Nepal by Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Singh, Economist, 20.02.1999

[7] The Manjani System of the Danuwar State of the Kamala Valley: A Brief Study of an Egalitarian Judiciary

[8] Royal Chitwan and Royal Bardia National Parks

[9] Nepal: Rapti River - Rapid response inundation map

[10] Hydrological Analysis for Bheri-Babai Hydropower Project Nepal

[11] Nepal News: West Rapti High Dam Project

[12] ASSESSING WATER QUALITY FOR ECOSYSTEM HEALTH OF THE BABAI RIVER IN ROYAL BARDIA NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL.

[13] Notes on the Mosquitoes of Nepal (1991)

[14] The Manjani System of the Danuwar State of the Kamala Valley: A Brief Study of an Egalitarian Judiciary

[15] Map of Nepal: Sindhuli District

[16] Rivers Of North Bihar and Nepal - Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Singh, Economist 20.02.1999

[17] Indian Ministry of Water Resources - Flood and centrally sponsored schemes (c)

[18] Hydrological Analysis for Bheri-Babai Hydropower Project Nepal

[19] Nepal News: West Rapti High Dam Project

[20] ASSESSING WATER QUALITY FOR ECOSYSTEM HEALTH OF THE BABAI RIVER IN ROYAL BARDIA NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL.

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+{{main|Madhesh}}
-'''Sir Cedric Lockwood Morris, 9th Baronet''' ([[11 December]] [[1889]] - [[8 February]] [[1982]]) was a [[Wales|Welsh]] artist, known for his portraits, flower paintings and landscapes, and an eminent plantsman.
+The phrase '''Inner Terai Valleys''' or Bhitri tarai (भित्री तराइ) refers to various elongated valleys  in [[Nepal]] lying between the southernmost Himalayan foothills, the ~600 metre Chure or [[Sivalik Hills|Siwalak Range]] and the 2-3,000 metre high [[Mahabharat Lekh|Mahabharat]] Range further north, whereas '''Outer Terai''' refers to plains extending south of the Chure/Sivalik Hills to the border with [[India]].
-==Early Life==
-Morris was born in Sketty, [[Swansea]], the son of Sir George Lockwood Morris, ironfounder and Welsh [[rugby union|rugby]] international, and his wife Wilhelmina Cory. He was educated at [[St Cyprian's School]] [[Eastbourne]] and [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]]. He failed the exams to enter the army and at the age of 17 set out on a steamship to [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] to work on a farm. After a succession of jobs, including as a dishwasher and bell boy in [[New York]], he returned to Wales and entered the [[Royal College of Music]] to study singing.  He gave up singing for painting and went to [[Paris]] where he trained briefly at the [[Academie Delacluse]] in [[Montparnasse]] before the interruption of [[World War I]]. He joined the [[Artists Rifles]], but failed a medical examination before embarking for France as a result of a failed operation in childhood. As he was an experienced horseman, he was allocated to training Remounts at [[James St Clair-Erskine, 5th Earl of Rosslyn|Lord Rosslyn]]'s stables at [[Theale, Berkshire]]. He worked in the company of [[Alfred Munnings]], under [[Cecil Aldin]]. He was discharged when the army took over the Remounts in 1917.
+Major examples in Nepal include the [[Chitwan Valley]] southwest of Kathmandu and the parallel [[Dang Valley|Dang]] and [[Deukhuri Valley]]s in western Nepal.
-==Art==
+==Climate & Economy==
-Morris went to [[Zennor]] in Cornwall where he studied plants and painted water colours. There he became friendly with [[Frances Hodgkins]] whose portrait he painted.  After the war, he returned to Paris to continue his studies.  During the 1920s, he travelled extensively and after a time in London left there in 1934 for the [[Essex]]-[[Suffolk]] border. He and his companion [[Arthur Lett-Haines]] settled first at Pound Farm, [[Dedham, Essex|Dedham]], Essex, and then a few miles away at Benton End, [[Hadleigh, Suffolk]].  With Lett-Haines, he co-founded the [[East Anglian School of Painting and Drawing]] at Dedham. [[Lucian Freud]] was one of his most noted students. Morris had a distinctive and often rather primitive post-Impressionist style, and painted portraits, landscapes and very decorative still-lifes of flowers and birds. As a portrait painter, he produced notable studies of subjects such as [[Rosamond Lehmann]] (1932) and [[Lucian Freud]] (1940). He became a lecturer at the [[Royal College of Art]] in 1950.
+[[Image:Nepal topo en.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Nepal topography.]]
+In the past the inner and outer [[Terai]] regions contained thick, malaria-infested forests, forming a frontier between Nepal and the [[British Raj]] (1858-1947) in India. The indigenous people, [[Tharu people|Tharu]] had a degree of inherited resistance to malaria and populated these areas. After an malaria eradication campaign people migrated to the Terai from the mountains and from neighbouring [[India]]. Today more than half the population are migrants, and many towns have developed.
-Works in Public Galleries
-*Frances Hodgkins 1917 [[Tate Britain|Tate]]
-*Self Portrait 1919 [[National Museum Cardiff|NMGW]]
-*Patisseries and a croissant 1922 Tate
-*Experiment in textures 1923 Tate
-*Landscape:Vallee de L'Oueze 1925 NMGW
-*From a window at 45 Brook Street London 1926
-*Self Portrait 1930 NPG
-*Solva 1934 Norwich
-*Antonia White 1936 NPG
-*David and Barbara 1940 Tate
-*Stoke by Nayland Church 1940 NMGW
-*Lucien Freud 1941 Tate
-*Peregrine Falcons 1942 Tate
-*Iris Seedlings 1943 Tate
-*Eggs 1944 Tate
-*Belle of Bloomsbury 1948 Tate
+The Inner and Outer Tarai's are Nepal's richest economic regions, with fertile farms and forests. The Tarai is still Nepal's main source of food, and a migration destination for landless hill peasants. Tarai residents have more available agricultural land than other Nepalese because of the area's generally flat terrain, which is drained and nourished by several rivers. As well, the Terai has the largest commercially exploitable forests.
-==Horticulture==
-[[Image:Papaver orientale 'Cedric Morris' - 2.jpg|thumb|right|Papaver orientale 'Cedric Morris' ]]
-Morris chose the country life to pursue his passion for horticulture. Benton End was a rambling 'Suffolk Pink' farmhouse at the edge of the village, set in three or four acres of orchard. Morris grew about 1000 new Iris seedlings each year and opened the house to display his collection, and used to walk the fields and hedgerows searching for softer colour variants of poppies.
-Morris's work as a horticulturalist resulted in a number of plants being names after him.
-*Iris (Sir Cedric Morris introductions)
-*[[Papaver]] rhoeas Cedric Morris
-*Sir Cedric Morris (Bare Root Rose)
-*Sir Cedric Morris Hardy Geranium
-*Narcissus minor 'Cedric Morris'
-*Zauschneria californica cana 'Sir Cedric Morris'
+==Environmental Issues==
-== Later life==
+The Inner Terai valleys are home to a rich and diverse ecosystem.
-Morris was intolerant of cruelty to animals and at Benton End had a running feud with a local gamekeeper who shot cats and dogs, until the latter tripped over his shotgun and shot himself. <ref>[http://www.art-newzealand.com/Issues21to30/morris.htm  Cedric Morris at Benton End]</ref>In late 1937 Morris and Haines joined the Hadleigh [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] after attending a  meeting addressed by [[George Catlin (political scientist)|Professor Catlin]]. In 1947 he succeeded his father as the 9th Baronet Morris.
+Since the early 1990s, however, the forests have been increasingly destroyed because of growing demands for timber and agricultural land<ref>[http://www.forestrynepal.org/publications/reports/3778 Regional Workshop on Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Forest Management of Terai, Inner Terai and Churia in Nepal]</ref><ref>[http://www.forestsmonitor.org/en/reports/549391/549398 Forests Monitor: The Terai Forests]</ref>
+This has led to concerns about the risk of losing many rare plant species<ref>[http://www.mountainfund.org/html_site/research/orchids_in_the_churiya_hills_and_their_survival_in_nepal.pdf Orchids in the Churiya Hills and their survival in Nepal]</ref><ref>[http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/ON/article/viewFile/506/506 An Overview of Floral Diversity in Wetlands of Terai Region of Nepal: M. Siwakoti, Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University Swayambhu, Nepal]</ref>.
+The valleys also play an important role in mitigating the severity of floods in the [[Gangetic plains]]. In times of heavy rainfall,  the forests absorb the water.  In times of heavy run-off from the Himalayan watershed, the rivers spread out from their banks, flooding the forest. Later, the forests gradually release the water into the rivers that feed the Ganges.  Forest removal reduces or eliminates this buffering effect<ref>[http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/floods/floods001.htm GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: a case study of Kosi River Basin, India ]</ref>.
-In 1984 the Tate Gallery held a retrospective exhibition of Morris's work.<ref>Richard Morphet ''Cedric Morris'' The Tate Gallery 1984 ISBN 0946590060</ref>
-==References==
+==Valleys==
-{{Reflist}}
-*Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - Richard Morphet, ''Morris, Sir Cedric Lockwood, ninth baronet (1889–1982)'', Sept 2004,
-*Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). ''Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage'' (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
+The Inner Terai includes several valleys, including<ref>[http://www.biharonline.com/lnmodel/rivers.htm Rivers Of North Bihar and Nepal by Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Singh, Economist, 20.02.1999]</ref>:
-==External links==
-*[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/morris_sir_cedric.html Art Cyclopedia - selected works]
-*[http://www.tate.org.uk/research/researchservices/archive/ Cedric Morris at the Tate Gallery Archive]
+{|class="wikitable" border="1" style="background:none"
+|-
+! Region
+! Valley
+! District
+! Rivers
+! Centers
+|-
+| East
+| [[Kamala Valley|Kamala]]<ref>[http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/contributions/CNAS_22_01_04.pdf The Manjani System of the Danuwar State of the Kamala Valley: A Brief Study of an Egalitarian Judiciary]</ref>
+| [[Udayapur district|Udayapur]]
+| Triyuga
+| [[Gaighat]] (or [[Triyuga]]), Katari
+|-
+| Central South
+| [[Marin Khola Valley|Marin Khola]]
+| [[Sindhuli District|Sindhuli]]
+| Sun Koshi, Kamla (Tributaries of the [[Koshi River|Koshi]])
+| [[Kamalamai]]
+|-
+| Central
+| [[Chitwan Valley|Chitwan]]<ref>[http://gorp.away.com/gorp/location/asia/nepal/chitbard.htm Royal Chitwan and Royal Bardia National Parks]</ref>
+| [[Chitwan District|Chitwan]]
+| Narayani ([[Gandaki]]), East Rapti<ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/CMAS-6UBKZ5?OpenDocument Nepal: Rapti River - Rapid response inundation map]</ref>
+| [[Bharatpur, Nepal|Bharatpur]]
+|-
+| Mid-West
+| Surkhet
+| [[Surkhet]]
+| [[Bheri River|Bheri]]<ref>[http://www.ub.uib.no/elpub/NORAD/2002/ntnu/thesis01.pdf Hydrological Analysis for Bheri-Babai Hydropower Project Nepal]</ref>
+| [[Birendranagar]]
+|-
+| West
+| [[Deukhuri Valley|Deukhuri]]
+| [[Dang Deokhuri District|Dang Deokhuri]]
+| West Rapti<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/spotlight/2003/jun/jun06/opinion.htm Nepal News: West Rapti High Dam Project]</ref>
+|
+|-
+| West
+| [[Dang Valley|Dang]]
+| [[Dang Deokhuri District|Dang Deokhuri]]
+| Babai<ref>[http://www.ku.edu.np/kuset/aej/sharma.pdf ASSESSING WATER QUALITY FOR ECOSYSTEM HEALTH OF THE BABAI RIVER IN ROYAL BARDIA NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL.]</ref> [[Royal Bardia National Park]]
+| [[Tribhuvannagar]]
+|-
+| Far West
+| [[Jogbudha Valley|Jogbudha]]
+| Dadeldhura
+| [[Sarda River|Mahakali]]
+| Dadeldhura
+|}
+==Kamala Valley==
+[[Image:Sagarmatha districts.png|thumb|right|Sagarmatha zone: Udayapur district in green]]
+{{coord|26|47|N|86|41|E |region:PK_type:valley |display=inline}}
+The '''Kamala Valley''' is in the [[Udayapur district]] in the south-east of Nepal.  About 30 km long and between 2 km and 4 km wide, it is drained by the Triyuga river, which runs east to feed the great [[Koshi River]]. The valley lies between the [[Mahabharat Lekh]] (Range) to the north and the the Churia or [[Sivalik Hills]] to the south, with an average elevation of about 430 meters<ref>[http://www.mosquitocatalog.org/pdfs/MS24N01P023.Pdf Notes on the Mosquitoes of Nepal (1991)]</ref>.
-{{start box}}
-{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
+Traditionally, the valley was primarily inhabited by the [[Dhanwar language|Dhanwar]] or Danuwar people<ref>[http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/contributions/CNAS_22_01_04.pdf The Manjani System of the Danuwar State of the Kamala Valley: A Brief Study of an Egalitarian Judiciary]</ref>, but there is a fast-growing population of migrants from the Nepali hills and from India. Towns include [[Gaighat]] (or [[Triyuga]]) and Katari.
-{{succession box | title=[[Morris Baronets|Baronet]]<br>'''(of Clasemont) | years='''1947&ndash;1982  | before= George Lockwood Morris |  after= Robert Byng Morris }}
-{{end box}}
+==Marin Khola Valley==
+[[Image:Janakpur districts.png|thumb|right|Janakpur zone: Sindhuli district is green band in center]]
+{{coord|27|13|11|N|85|55|12|E|type:river|display=inline}}
+'''Marin Khola Valley''' is one of the smaller Inner Terai Valleys, in the central south region, [[Sindhuli District|Sindhulī Garhi district]]<ref>[http://ncthakur.itgo.com/districtmaps/sindhuli_district.htm Map of Nepal: Sindhuli District]</ref>. The Kokhajor Khola, the Marin Khola and the Kyan Khola rivers join in the valley to form the Kamala river, a major tributary to the Bhurengi<ref>[http://www.biharonline.com/lnmodel/rivers.htm Rivers Of North Bihar and Nepal - Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Singh, Economist 20.02.1999]</ref>..
+The main town is [[Kamalamai]].
+The Indian government is concerned about flooding from the Kamala river, and is funding engineering projects in an attempt to control the situation<ref>[http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/flood%20and%20centrally%20sponsered%20schemes2735345443.pdf Indian Ministry of Water Resources - Flood and centrally sponsored schemes (c)]</ref>.
+==Chitwan Valley==
+{{Main|Chitwan Valley]]}}
+'''Chitwan Valley''' is in central-southern [[Nepal]].  An [[Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal|Inner Terai]] [[valley]], it is 150 km long and roughly 30-48 km wide.  The cities of [[Bhartpur]], [[Hetauda]], and [[Ratnanagar]] are in the valley.
+This valley geographically also named as a Narayni east Rapti valley, Naryani is the main river and life line of Chitwan Valley, which flow from the Himalayan Glassier with the tributaries of Kaligandaki, Trishuli,Seti, Madi,Marshangdi, Budhi Gandaki and Draudi this river also know as Sapta Gandaki as well as Gandak in India. Rapti rivar comes from the Range of Mahabhart and interd in CHitwan Valley from Hetuda this river pass trhrouh Chitwan Netional Park and Join Naryani in west of the Meghauli.
+Chitwan valley was a princplity kingdom before unifying Nepal the capital of the principality was in Upardanggadhi, from the history Chepang, Gurung,Magar, Chetri and Bahun ware the main resident in the surrounding Mountain of Chitwan Valley, but the indigenous group Tharu, Danuwar,Darai and Majhi ware the historical inhabitant of the Plane of Chitwan Valley.
+After control of Malaria in sixties by the help of United states the Plane of Chitwan Valley is one of the very attractive place in Nepal, people from Different part of the country start to come in this valley and make its their home.
+In modern political divide of Nepal Chitwan Valley is divided in to two development Region. (Mid Development Region From Hetuda to Bharatpur,) two zones (Naryani Zone (Hetuda to Bharatpu) Lumbini Zone  (Gaidakot to Daunne) and three district ( Makwanpur :- Hetuda to Manhari , Chitwan District:-Manhari to Bharatpur, Nawal Parashi District:- Gaidakot to Dawanne.
+Chitwan valley is with  very  fertile land with enough water rescores two main irrigation system of Nepal (khageri Canal system and Narayni Lift System ) is implemented. The people of this migrant valley made very good progress in Agriculture (Nepali Standard) and industrialized their product large No. (more than 70% production of the country) of poultry industry is within this valley, there is a Hetuda industrial District within east corner in the valley, also floriculture and Bea form are other business of Chitwan Valley.
+==Surkhet Valley==
+The Surkhet Valley is in the mid-west of Nepal, in the [[Surkhet]] district.  It is drained by the [[Bheri River]]<ref>[http://www.ub.uib.no/elpub/NORAD/2002/ntnu/thesis01.pdf Hydrological Analysis for Bheri-Babai Hydropower Project Nepal]</ref>. [[Birendranagar]] is a population center in the valley.
+==Deukhuri Valley==
+The Deukhuri Valley is in mid-western Nepal, in the [[Dang Deokhuri District|Dang Deokhuri]] district.  It is drained by the West Rapti river<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/spotlight/2003/jun/jun06/opinion.htm Nepal News: West Rapti High Dam Project]</ref>.
+==Dang Valley==
+The Dang Valley is in mid-western Nepal, in the [[Dang Deokhuri District|Dang Deokhuri]].  It is drained by the Babai river<ref>[http://www.ku.edu.np/kuset/aej/sharma.pdf ASSESSING WATER QUALITY FOR ECOSYSTEM HEALTH OF THE BABAI RIVER IN ROYAL BARDIA NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL.]</ref>. [[Royal Bardia National Park]].
+The cities of [[Tribhuvannagar]] and [[Tulsipur]] are in this valley.
+==Jogbudha Valley==
+The Jogbudha Valley is in the far west of Nepal, in the Dadeldhura district. It is drained by the [[Sarda River|Mahakali river]].
+==External Links==
+[http://dallith.vjf.cnrs.fr/en/introduction.php?lg=vay&lg_label=Hayu Dallith: Hayu : introduction]
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-[[Category:1889 births|Morris, Cedric]]
+[[Category:Landforms of Nepal]]
-[[Category:1982 deaths|Morris, Cedric]]
+[[Category:Valleys of Nepal]]
-[[Category:Old Carthusians|Morris, Cedric]]
-[[Category:Welsh artists|Morris, Cedric]]
-[[Category:Academics of the Royal College of Art|Morris, Cedric]]
-[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom|Morris, Sir Cedric, 9th Baronet]]
-[[Category:Member of Artists Rifles]]