Pipeline and Bamm-Bamm Rubble: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox character
{{Refimprove|date=August 2008}}
| colour = #DEDEE2
{{Nofootnotes|date=August 2008}}
| colour text =
| name = Bamm-Bamm Rubble
| series = [[The Flintstones]]
| image = [[Image:pebbles bamm bamm.jpg|300px]]
| caption = [[Pebbles Flintstone]] (left) and Bamm-Bamm Rubble (right), as infants.
| creator = [[Hanna Barbera]]
| portrayer = [[#Casting|See here]]
| gender = Male
| family = [[Barney Rubble]] (father)<br>[[Betty Rubble]] (mother)
| spouse = [[Pebbles Flintstone]]
| residence = [[Bedrock (The Flintstones)|Bedrock]]
}}


'''Bamm-Bamm''' the [[adoption|adopted]] son of [[Barney Rubble|Barney]] and [[Betty Rubble]]. He is most famous in his infant form on the long-running [[animated series]] ''[[The Flintstones]]'', but has also appeared at various other ages, including as a [[teenager]] on the early 1970s spinoff ''[[The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show]]'' and as an adult in two made-for-television movies.
[[Image:Pipeline-small image, seen from below.jpeg|right|frame|An elevated section of the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System|Alaska Pipeline]].]]


Bamm-Bamm dwelled in the fictional prehistoric city of [[Bedrock (The Flintstones)|Bedrock]], a world where dinosaurs coexisted with [[barefoot]] [[caveman|cavepeople]]. The cavepeople enjoyed "primitive" versions of modern conveniences such as [[telephone]]s, [[automobile]]s and [[washing machine]]s, often utilizing the prehistoric animals.
'''Pipeline transport''' is the transportation of goods through a [[Pipe (material)|pipe]]. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but [[pneumatic tube]]s that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used.


==Biography==
As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore [[sewage]], [[slurry]], [[water]], or even [[beer]] pipelines exist; but arguably the most important are those transporting [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas]].
===Cartoon Series===
As an infant, Bamm-Bamm was adopted by the Rubbles after being abandoned on their doorstep. After meeting his next-door neighbor [[Pebbles Flintstone|Pebbles]], the two became lifelong playmates. Bamm-Bamm would yell the phrase "bamm, bamm" because his previous parents named him that. He would often yell while pounding the floor with his club (and in the process shaking the room he was in). Bamm-Bamm's excessive (and sometimes misused) strength was often a source of [[slapstick|humor]] in the episodes the toddler version of Bamm-Bamm appeared in. Unlike Pebbles, Bamm-Bamm was past the crawling stage and could be seen in a few episodes trying to help Pebbles walk.


Years later, as a teenager, Bamm-Bamm attended Bedrock High School along with Pebbles and their friends, Wiggy, Penny, and Moonrock. In this version Bamm-Bamm's super strength was not actively mentioned and was only shown on occasion. He became more passive and sensible in his manner and tended to be dominated by Pebbles' more aggressive personality. He also was the owner of a "cave buggy," a prehistoric version of a [[dune buggy]].
The idea was first brought up by [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] in [[1863]]. He suggested to use a [[Pipe (material)|pipe]] for transporting [[Petroleum]]. He explained how it should be done and why it should be done.<!-- Non English language refs moved to footnote -->


As an adult, Bamm-Bamm became a mechanic, fell in love with and married Pebbles. The two soon moved to Hollyrock (a fictional prehistoric version of [[Hollywood]], [[California]]) so Bamm-Bamm could pursue his true goal of becoming a screenwriter. Later the couple had twins, Roxy and Chip.
== Types by transported substance ==


===Film===
=== For oil or natural gas ===
In the 1994 live-action ''[[The Flintstones (film)|Flintstones]]'' movie, Bamm-Bamm was adopted from the orphanage by the Rubbles and was seen with long brown hair and only wearing a leaf loincloth. He was mentioned to have been raised by wild mastodons. Bamm-Bamm soon started to look like his cartoon countepart after a bath, haircut, and some new clothes. Bamm-Bamm was played by twins [[Hlynur Sigurdsson]] and [[Marino Sigurdsson]] and voiced by actress [[E.G. Daily]] (who returned to the role in a Bamm-Bamm Pebbles Cereal).
[[Image:Pipeline device.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Pipeline inspection gauge|Pig]] launcher/receiver, belonging to the natural gas pipeline in Switzerland.]]
There is some argument as to when the first real oil pipeline was constructed. Some say pipeline transport was pioneered by [[Vladimir Shukhov]] and the [[Branobel]] company in the late 19th century. Others say oil pipelines originated when the Oil Transport Association first constructed a {{convert|2|in|mm|sing=on}} wrought iron pipeline over a {{convert|6|mi|km|sing=on}} track from an oil field to Pennsylvania to a rail road station in Oil Creek, in the 1860s. Regardless of this, pipelines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of [[Petroleum|oil]] or [[natural gas]] over land. Compared to [[railroad]], they have lower cost per unit and also higher capacity. Although pipelines can be built under the sea, that process is economically and technically demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] ships.


==Chronology==
Oil pipelines are made from [[steel]] or [[plastic]] tubes with inner diameter typically from 10 to 120 cm (about 4 to 48 [[inch]]es). Most pipelines are buried at a typical depth of about 1 - 2 metres (about 3 to 6 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]). The oil is kept in motion by [[pump]] stations along the pipeline, and usually flows at speed of about 1 to 6 m/s. Multi-product pipelines are used to transport two or more different products in sequence in the same pipeline. Usually in multi-product pipelines there is no physical separation between the different products. Some mixing of adjacent products occurs, producing [[wiktionary:interface|interface]]. This interface is removed from the pipeline at receiving facilities and [[segregated]] to prevent contamination.
Through the various Flintstones incarnations, the age of Bamm-Bamm (and Pebbles) has varied wildly from spinoff to spinoff---appearing as an adolescent in one spinoff and as an infant again in the next. Arranged roughly in chronological order, the Flintstones incarnations Bamm-Bamm has made appearances in are as follows:


===Infant/Toddler===
Crude oil contains varying amounts of wax, or [[paraffin]], and in colder climates wax buildup may occur within a pipeline. Often these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using [[pipeline inspection gauge]]s ''pigs'', also known as, ''scrapers'' or ''Go-devils'' [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/go-devil]. These devices are launched from pig-launcher stations and travel through the pipeline to be received at any other station down-stream, cleaning wax deposits and material that may have accumulated inside the line.
*''[[The Flintstones]]''
*''[[The Man Called Flintstone]]''
*''[[The New Fred and Barney Show]]''
*''[[The Flintstones' New Neighbors]]''
*''[[The Flintstones: Fred's Final Fling]]''
*''[[The Flintstones: Wind-Up Wilma]]''
*''[[The Flintstones: Jogging Fever]]''
*''[[A Flintstones Christmas Carol]]''
*''[[Cave Kids]]''


===Child===
For natural gas, pipelines are constructed of carbon steel and varying in size from {{convert|2|in|mm}} to {{convert|56|in|mm}} in diameter, depending on the type of pipeline. The gas is pressurized by compressor stations and is odorless unless mixed with a [[Thiol|mercaptan odorant]] where required by the proper regulating body.
===Pre-teen===
*''[[The Flintstones: Little Big League]]''


===For ethanol ===
===Teenager===
*''[[The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show]]''
Pipelines have been used for transportation of ethanol in Brazil, and there are several ethanol pipeline projects in Brazil and the United States.<ref name=ustoday>
*''[[The Flintstone Comedy Hour]]''
{{cite news
*''[[The Flintstone Comedy Show (1980)|The Flintstone Comedy Show]]''
| publisher= USA Today
| title = Ethanol makers consider coast-to-coast pipeline
| author = James MacPherson
| url= http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/2007-11-18-ethanolpipeline_N.htm
| date = 2007-11-18
| accessdate=2008-08-23}}
</ref> Main problems related to the shipment of ethanol by pipeline are its high oxygen content, which makes it corrosive, and absorption of water and impurities in pipelines, which is not a problem with oil and natural gas.<ref name=ustoday/><ref name=whims>
{{cite paper
| publisher= Kansas State University
| title = Pipeline Considerations for Ethanol
| author = John Whims
| url= http://www.agmrc.org/NR/rdonlyres/4EE0E81C-C607-4C3F-BBCF-B75B7395C881/0/ksupipelineethl.pdf
| date = August 2002
| accessdate=2008-08-23|format=PDF}}
</ref> Insufficient volumes and cost-effectiveness are other considerations limiting construction of ethanol pipelines.<ref name=whims/><ref name=iowa>
{{cite news
| publisher= The Daily Iowan
| title = Ethanol pipeline places the cart before the horse
| url= http://media.www.dailyiowan.com/media/storage/paper599/news/2008/07/24/Opinions/Ethanol.Pipeline.Places.The.Cart.Before.The.Horse-3394187.shtml
| date = 2008-08-24
| accessdate=2008-08-23}}
</ref>


===For hydrogen===
===Adult===
*''[[I Yabba-Dabba Do!]]''
{{main|Hydrogen pipeline transport}}
*''[[Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby]]''
[[Hydrogen pipeline transport]] is a transportation of hydrogen through a [[Pipe (material)|pipe]] as part of the [[hydrogen infrastructure]]. Hydrogen pipeline transport is used to connect the point of [[hydrogen production]] or delivery of hydrogen with the point of demand, with transport costs similar to [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]],<ref>[http://www.leightyfoundation.org/files/WHEC16-Lyon/WHEC16-Ref022.pdf Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines]</ref> the technology is proven,<ref>[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/hpwgw_airprod_remp.pdf DOE Hydrogen Pipeline Working Group Workshop]</ref>. Most [[hydrogen]] is produced at the place of demand with every 50 to {{convert|100|mi|km}} an industrial production facility.<ref>[http://www.hydrogenforecast.com/ArticleDetails.php?articleID=250 Every 50 to {{convert|100|mi|km}} ]</ref>. The 1938 - [[Rhine-Ruhr]] 240 km hydrogen pipeline is still in operation<ref>[http://www.storhy.net/train-in/PDF-TI/03_StorHy-Train-IN-Session-1_3_JToepler.pdf The Technological Steps of Hydrogen Introduction - pag 24]</ref>.
*''[[A Flintstone Family Christmas]]''
As of 2004 there are 900 miles (1450 km) of low pressure hydrogen pipelines in the USA and {{convert|930|mi|km}} in Europe.


===For water ===
==Casting==
* Bamm-Bamm's voice over the years was provided by [[Jay North]], [[Don Messick]], [[Lucille Bliss]], [[Frank Welker]], [[Christine Cavanaugh]], [[Michael Sheehan]], [[Elizabeth Daily]], and [[Jerry Houser]].
[[Image:LA Aqueduct Antelope Valley.jpg|thumb|The [[Los Angeles Aqueduct]] in [[Antelope Valley]].]]
{{Main|Aqueduct}}


*Bamm-Bamm (in his conventional toddler incarnation) is sometimes seen in the various [[Fruity Pebbles]] and [[Cocoa Pebbles]] [[cereal]] commercials that have been produced over the years.
Two millennia ago the [[Roman Empire|ancient Romans]] made use of large [[aqueduct]]s to transport water from higher altitudes by building the aqueducts in graduated segments that allowed [[gravity]] to simply push the rushing water along until it reached its intended destination. Hundreds of these were built throughout Europe and elsewhere, and along with [[flour mill]]s were considered the lifeline of the Roman Empire. The [[History of China|ancient Chinese]] also made use of channels and pipe systems for public works. The infamous [[Han Dynasty]] court [[eunuch]] [[Zhang Rang]] (d. 189 AD) once ordered the [[engineer]] Bi Lan to construct a series of square-pallet [[chain pump]]s outside the capital city of [[Luoyang]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 33">Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Page 33.</ref> These chain pumps serviced the imperial [[palace]]s and living quarters of the capital city as the water lifted by the chain pumps were brought in by a [[stoneware]] [[pipe]] system.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 33"/><ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 345 346">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 345-346.</ref>


* Although Bamm-Bamm possessed incredible strength as an infant, in his appearances as a teenager (as seen in ''[[The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show]]''), his strength was either downplayed or not shown, though oddly it reappeared in Bamm-Bamm's adult appearances.
Pipelines are useful for [[water transportation|transporting water]] for [[drinking water|drinking]] or [[irrigation]] over long distances when it needs to move over [[hill]]s, or where [[canal]]s or [[channel (geography)|channels]] are poor choices due to considerations of [[evaporation]], [[pollution]], or environmental impact.


*After his debut episode on the Flintstones, a few episodes afterward did not feature Bamm-Bamm.
The 530 km (360 mile) [[Goldfields Water Supply Scheme]] in [[Western Australia]] using 760 mm (30 inch) pipe and completed in 1903 was the largest water supply scheme of its time.<ref>[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A040174b.htm Mephan Ferguson] Australian Dictionary of Biography(online version)</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/dynasties/txt/s1489302.htm The Forrest family] ''Dynasties'', ABC. Retrieved [[17 September]] 2006. </ref>


==Cultural references==
Examples of significant water pipelines in [[South Australia]] are the [[Morgan, South Australia|Morgan]]-[[Whyalla, South Australia|Whyalla]] (completed 1944) and [[Mannum, South Australia|Mannum]]-[[Adelaide]] [http://www.sawater.com.au/SAWater/WhatsNew/NewsRoom/Mannum+Adelaide+Celebrations.htm] (completed 1955) pipelines.
{{Trivia|date=September 2008}}
* The soccer player [[Ivan Zamorano]] is nicknamed "Bam Bam" after Bamm-Bamm.
* The soccer player Marcos Bam Bam (Brazil), from Fortaleza EC, also has this nickname after Bamm-Bamm.
* Because he was an excellent tackle, Cleveland Browns player Dick Ambrose was nicknamed "Bamm-Bamm."
* On [[The Ultimate Fighter 4]], [[Matt Serra]] nicknamed teammate [[Edwin DeWees]] "Bam Bam" after the Flintstones character. [http://weblogs.newsday.com/sports/specialevent/ultimate_fighter/blog/]
* Late professional wrestlers [[Bam Bam Bigelow]], and [[Terry Gordy]] derived their ring nicknames from the character.
* Appeared in [[The Cleveland-Loretta Quagmire]], where he said his catch-phrase, and was followed by [[Emeril Lagasse]] saying his.
* Bamm Bamm is used in the logo of German anti-militarist organization '''B'''üros für '''a'''nti'''m'''ilitaristische '''M'''aßnahmen (BamM)[http://www.bamm.de/]


==External links==
There are two [[Los Angeles, California]] [[aqueduct]]s, the ''[[Los Angeles Aqueduct|First Los Angeles Aqueduct]]'' (completed 1913) and the ''Second Los Angeles Aqueduct'' (completed 1970) which also include extensive use of pipelines.
* [http://www.topthat.net/webrock/index.htm Webrock - The Flintstones and Hanna Barbera Page]
* [http://www.retrocrush.com/archive/flint/default.htm RetroCrush - Exploring Flintstones Mysteries]


{{The Flintstones}}
===For beverages===

====For beer====
Bars in the [[Veltins-Arena]], a major [[football (soccer)|football]] ground in [[Gelsenkirchen]], [[Germany]], are interconnected by a 5 [[kilometre|km]] long beer pipeline. It is the favourite method for distributing beer in such large stadiums, because the bars have to overcome big differences between demands during various stages of a match; this allows them to be supplied by a central tank. <!-- Is this unique to the Veltins-Arena? -->
=== For other uses ===
The town of [[Hallstatt]] in [[Austria]] claims to contain "the oldest industrial pipeline in the world", dating back to 1595.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualvienna.net/columns/billie/hallstatt/hallstatt.html |title=Hallstatt's White Gold - Salt |accessdate=2007-05-15 |author=Billie Ann Lopez |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language=English |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> It was constructed from 13,000 trunks to transport the saline solution for 40 kilometers from Hallstatt to [[Ebensee]].<ref>See the article [[Hallstatt]] for details and references.</ref>

==Types by transport function ==
In general, pipelines can be classified in three categories depending on purpose:

'''1. Gathering Pipelines''' - Group of smaller interconnected pipelines forming complex networks with the purpose of bringing crude oil or natural gas from several nearby wells to a treatment plant or processing facility. In this group, pipelines are usually short- a couple of hundred meters- and with small diameters. Also sub-sea pipelines for collecting product from deep water production platforms are considered gathering systems.<br />
'''2. Transportation Pipelines''' - Mainly long pipes with large diameters, moving products (oil, gas, refined products) between cities, countries and even continents. These transportation networks include several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for crude and multiproducts pipelines.<br />
'''3. Distribution Pipelines''' - Composed of several interconnected pipelines with small diameters, used to take the products to the final consumer. Feeder lines to distribute gas to homes and businesses downstream. Pipelines at terminals for distributing products to tanks and storage facilities are included in this group.

==Regulation==
[[Image:BlendonWoodsPipeline.JPG|thumb|right|An underground petroleum pipeline running through a park]]
In the US, pipelines are regulated by the [[Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration]] (PHMSA). Offshore pipelines are regulated by the [[Minerals Management Service]] (MMS). In Canada, pipelines are regulated by either the provincial regulators or, if they cross provincial boundaries or the Canada/US border, by the National Energy Board (NEB).
Government regulations in Canada and the United States require that buried fuel pipelines must be protected from [[corrosion]]. Often, the most economical method of corrosion control is by use of pipeline [[Industrial coating|coating]] in conjunction with [[cathodic protection]] and technology to monitor the pipeline. Above ground, cathodic protection is not an option. The coating is the only external protection.

==Operation==
When a pipeline is built, the construction project not only covers the civil work to lay the pipeline and build the pump/compressor stations, it also has to cover all the work related to the installation of the field devices that will support remote operation.

Field devices are instrumentation, data gathering units and communication systems. The field [[Instrumentation]] includes flow, pressure and temperature gauges/transmitters, and other devices to measure the relevant data required. These instruments are installed along the pipeline on some specific locations, such as injection or delivery stations, pump stations (liquid pipelines) or compressor stations (gas pipelines), and block valve stations.

The information measured by these field instruments is then gathered in local [[Remote Terminal Unit]]s (RTU) that transfer the field data to a central location in real time using communication systems, such as satellite channels, microwave links, or cellular phone connections.

Pipelines are controlled and operated remotely, from what is usually known as ''The Main Control Room''. In this center, all the data related to field measurement is consolidated in one central database. The data is received from multiple RTUs along the pipeline. It is common to find RTUs installed at every station along the pipeline. [[Image:Pipeline-Scada.jpg|thumb|500px|SCADA System for Pipelines]]

The [[SCADA]] system at the Main Control Room receives all the field data and presents it to the pipeline operator through a set of screens or [[SCADA#Human Machine Interface]], showing the operational conditions of the pipeline. The operator can monitor the hydraulic conditions of the line, as well as send operational commands (open/close valves, turn on/off compressors or pumps, change setpoints, etc.) through the SCADA system to the field.

To optimize and secure the operation of these assets, some pipeline companies are using what is called ''Advanced Pipeline Applications'', which are software tools installed on top of the SCADA system, that provide extended functionality to perform leak detection, leak location, batch tracking (liquid lines), pig tracking, composition tracking, predictive modeling, look ahead modeling, operator training and more.

==Technology ==

===Components===
Pipeline networks are composed of several pieces of equipment that operate together to move products from location to location. The main elements of a pipeline system are:
[[Image:Pipeline-Diagram.jpg|thumb|500px|Pipeline Schematic]]

- '''Initial Injection Station''' - Known also as '''Supply''' or '''Inlet''' station, is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected into the line. Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at these locations.

- '''Compressor/Pump Stations''' - [[Pumps]] for liquid pipelines and [[Compressors]] for gas pipelines, are located along the line to move the product through the pipeline. The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational conditions of the network.

- '''Partial Delivery Station''' - Known also as '''Intermediate''' Stations, these facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part of the product being transported.

- '''Block Valve Station''' - These are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves the operator can isolate any segment of the line for maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valve stations are usually located every 20 to {{convert|30|mi|km}}, depending on the type of pipeline. Even though it is not a design rule, it is a very usual practice in liquid pipelines. The location of these stations depends exclusively on the nature of the product being transported, the trajectory of the pipeline and/or the operational conditions of the line.

- '''Regulator Station''' - This is a special type of valve station, where the operator can release some of the pressure from the line. Regulators are usually located at the downhill side of a peak.

- '''Final Delivery Station''' - Known also as '''Outlet''' stations or [[Pipeline terminal|Terminals]], this is where the product will be distributed to the consumer. It could be a tank terminal for liquid pipelines or a connection to a distribution network for gas pipelines.

===Leak detection systems===
Since oil and gas pipelines are an important asset of the economic development of almost any country, it has been required either by government regulations or internal policies to ensure the safety of the assets, and the population and environment where these pipelines run.

Pipeline companies face government regulation, environmental constraints and social situations. Pipeline companies should comply with government regulations which may define minimum staff to run the operation, operator training requirements, up to specifics including pipeline facilities, technology and applications required to ensure operational safety. As an example, in the State of Washington, it is mandatory for pipeline operators to be able to detect and locate leaks of 8 percent of maximum flow within 15 minutes or less.

The social situation also affects the operation of pipelines. In third world countries, product theft is a problem for pipeline companies. It is common to find unauthorized extractions in the middle of the pipeline. In this case, the detection levels should be under 2 percent of maximum flow, with a high expectation for location accuracy.

Different types of technologies and strategies have been implemented, from physically walking the lines to satellite surveillance. The most common technology to protect these lines from occasional leaks is known as Computational Pipeline Monitoring Systems or CPM. CPM takes information from the field related to pressures, flows, and temperatures to estimate the hydraulic behavior of the product being transported. Once the estimation is done, the results are compared to other field references to detect the presence of an anomaly or unexpected situation, which may be related to a leak.

The [[American Petroleum Institute]] has published several articles related to the performance of CPM in liquids pipelines, the API Publications are:

- '''[[API 1130]]''' – Computational pipeline monitoring for liquids pipelines

- '''[[API 1155]]''' – Evaluation methodology for software based leak detection systems

- '''[[API 1149]]''' – Pipeline variable uncertainties & their effects on leak detectability

==Accidents==
Pipelines conveying flammable or explosive material, such as natural gas or oil, pose special safety concerns.

:''For a more complete list see [[Pipeline accidents]]''

* [[1982]] - One of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history occurred along the [[Trans-Siberian Pipeline]] in the former [[Soviet Union]]. It has been alleged that the explosion was the result of [[CIA]] [[Siberian pipeline sabotage|sabotage of the Trans-Siberian Pipeline]].
* [[June 4]], [[1989]] - [[Ufa train disaster|sparks from two passing train]]s detonated gas leaking from an [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] pipeline near [[Ufa]], [[Russia]]. Up to 645 people were reported killed.
* [[October 17]], [[1998]] - at [[Jesse, Nigeria|Jesse]] in the [[Oil Rivers|Niger Delta]] in [[Nigeria]], a [[petroleum]] pipeline exploded killing about 1,200 villagers, some of whom were scavenging [[gasoline]] - the worst of several similar incidents in this country.
* [[June 10]], [[1999]] - a pipeline rupture in a [[Bellingham, Washington]] park led to the release of 277,200 gallons of gasoline. The gasoline was ignited, causing an explosion that killed two children and one adult.
* [[August 19]], [[2000]] - natural gas pipeline rupture and fire near [[Carlsbad]], [[New Mexico]] this explosion and fire killed 12 members of the same family. The cause was due to severe internal corrosion of the pipeline.
* [[July 30]], [[2004]] - a major [[natural gas]] pipeline exploded in [[Ghislenghien]], [[Belgium]] near [[Ath]] (thirty kilometres southwest of [[Brussels]]), killing at least 23 people and leaving 122 wounded, some critically. [http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/07/30/belgium.gas.blast/index.html (CNN)] [http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?channel_id=3&story_id=25465 (Expatica)]
* [[May 12]], [[2006]] - an oil pipeline ruptured outside [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]. Up to 200 people may have been killed. See [[Nigeria oil blast]].
* [[November 1]], [[2007]] - a propane pipeline exploded near [[Carmichael, Mississippi]], about {{convert|30|mi|km}} south of [[Meridian, Mississippi]]. Two people were killed instantly and an additional four were injured. Several homes were destroyed and sixty families were displaced. The pipeline is owned by Enterprise Products Partners LP, and runs from [[Mont Belvieu, Texas]], to [[Apex, North Carolina]], according to an Enterprise spokesman. [http://www.wtok.com/home/headlines/10946761.html]


==Pipelines as targets==
Pipelines can be the target of [[vandalism]], [[sabotage]], or even [[terrorist attack]]s. In war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks, as destruction of pipelines can seriously disrupt enemy [[logistics]].

==See also==
{{Commons|Pipeline transport}}
* [[List of countries by total length of pipelines]]
* [[Geomagnetically induced current]], ([[GIC]])
* [[Hydrogen piping]]
* [[Hydrostatic test]]
* [[List of North American natural gas pipelines]]
* [[Pneumatic tube]], a method for sending documents and other solid materials in capsules through a tube
* [[Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems]]
* [[Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe]]s
* [[Russia-Ukraine gas dispute]]
* [[Slurry pipeline]]
* [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act]]
* [[Black Powder in Gas Pipelines]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Footnote (Non English refs)==<!-- Verification of Validity needed as per guidelines -->
These references in Russian, have been offered, but no translation appended.
* [http://revolution.allbest.ru/chemistry/00019147_0.html Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев - ученый с мировыми заслугами]
* Кудинов В.И., [http://rcd.ru/fulltext/18/1237 "Основы нефтегазопромыслового дела"], изд. «ИКИ», 2005, 720 стр., ISBN 5-93972-333-0
* Шаммазов А.М. и др.: “История нефтегазового дела России”, Москва, “Химия”, 2001, 316 стр., УДК 622.276, ББК 65.304.13, ISBN 5-7245-1176-2
* http://www.izvestia.ru/azerbaijan/article44632/
* [http://www.informika.ru/text/magaz/higher/4_96/4raz-1.html Высшее образование в Росии N 4 - АПОЛОГИЯ ДИСКУССИИ<!-- Bot generated title -->]

==External links==
* [http://www.transneft.ru/About/History/Default.asp?LANG=EN First pipelines in 19th century]
* [http://www.cheresources.com/pnuconvey.shtml Pneumatic Conveying Design]
* [http://www.wg-plc.com/international/security/pipeline+protection+systems/pipeline.html Westminster International Pipeline Protection Systems]
* http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/NG22.pdf The Dolphin Project: The Development of a Gulf Gas Initiative, by Justin Dargin,
Oxford Institute for Energy Studies Jan 2008 Working Paper NG #22


{{DEFAULTSORT:Rubble, Bamm-Bamm}}
[[Category:Commercial item transport and distribution]]
[[Category:Pipelines|*]]
[[Category:Fictional adoptees]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines| ]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with superhuman strength]]
[[Category:Piping]]
[[Category:Fictional mechanics]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines| ]]
[[Category:Fictional orphans]]
[[Category:Vladimir Shukhov]]
[[Category:Fictional prehistoric characters]]
[[Category:Russian inventions]]
[[Category:Fictional writers]]
[[Category:The Flintstones characters]]
[[Category:Child characters in television]]
[[Category:Cereal advertising characters]]


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[[uk:Трубопровідний транспорт]]

Revision as of 23:56, 12 October 2008

Bamm-Bamm Rubble
The Flintstones character
Pebbles Flintstone (left) and Bamm-Bamm Rubble (right), as infants.
Created byHanna Barbera
Portrayed bySee here
In-universe information
GenderMale
FamilyBarney Rubble (father)
Betty Rubble (mother)
SpousePebbles Flintstone

Bamm-Bamm the adopted son of Barney and Betty Rubble. He is most famous in his infant form on the long-running animated series The Flintstones, but has also appeared at various other ages, including as a teenager on the early 1970s spinoff The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show and as an adult in two made-for-television movies.

Bamm-Bamm dwelled in the fictional prehistoric city of Bedrock, a world where dinosaurs coexisted with barefoot cavepeople. The cavepeople enjoyed "primitive" versions of modern conveniences such as telephones, automobiles and washing machines, often utilizing the prehistoric animals.

Biography

Cartoon Series

As an infant, Bamm-Bamm was adopted by the Rubbles after being abandoned on their doorstep. After meeting his next-door neighbor Pebbles, the two became lifelong playmates. Bamm-Bamm would yell the phrase "bamm, bamm" because his previous parents named him that. He would often yell while pounding the floor with his club (and in the process shaking the room he was in). Bamm-Bamm's excessive (and sometimes misused) strength was often a source of humor in the episodes the toddler version of Bamm-Bamm appeared in. Unlike Pebbles, Bamm-Bamm was past the crawling stage and could be seen in a few episodes trying to help Pebbles walk.

Years later, as a teenager, Bamm-Bamm attended Bedrock High School along with Pebbles and their friends, Wiggy, Penny, and Moonrock. In this version Bamm-Bamm's super strength was not actively mentioned and was only shown on occasion. He became more passive and sensible in his manner and tended to be dominated by Pebbles' more aggressive personality. He also was the owner of a "cave buggy," a prehistoric version of a dune buggy.

As an adult, Bamm-Bamm became a mechanic, fell in love with and married Pebbles. The two soon moved to Hollyrock (a fictional prehistoric version of Hollywood, California) so Bamm-Bamm could pursue his true goal of becoming a screenwriter. Later the couple had twins, Roxy and Chip.

Film

In the 1994 live-action Flintstones movie, Bamm-Bamm was adopted from the orphanage by the Rubbles and was seen with long brown hair and only wearing a leaf loincloth. He was mentioned to have been raised by wild mastodons. Bamm-Bamm soon started to look like his cartoon countepart after a bath, haircut, and some new clothes. Bamm-Bamm was played by twins Hlynur Sigurdsson and Marino Sigurdsson and voiced by actress E.G. Daily (who returned to the role in a Bamm-Bamm Pebbles Cereal).

Chronology

Through the various Flintstones incarnations, the age of Bamm-Bamm (and Pebbles) has varied wildly from spinoff to spinoff---appearing as an adolescent in one spinoff and as an infant again in the next. Arranged roughly in chronological order, the Flintstones incarnations Bamm-Bamm has made appearances in are as follows:

Infant/Toddler

Child

Pre-teen

Teenager

Adult

Casting

  • Bamm-Bamm (in his conventional toddler incarnation) is sometimes seen in the various Fruity Pebbles and Cocoa Pebbles cereal commercials that have been produced over the years.
  • Although Bamm-Bamm possessed incredible strength as an infant, in his appearances as a teenager (as seen in The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show), his strength was either downplayed or not shown, though oddly it reappeared in Bamm-Bamm's adult appearances.
  • After his debut episode on the Flintstones, a few episodes afterward did not feature Bamm-Bamm.

Cultural references

  • The soccer player Ivan Zamorano is nicknamed "Bam Bam" after Bamm-Bamm.
  • The soccer player Marcos Bam Bam (Brazil), from Fortaleza EC, also has this nickname after Bamm-Bamm.
  • Because he was an excellent tackle, Cleveland Browns player Dick Ambrose was nicknamed "Bamm-Bamm."
  • On The Ultimate Fighter 4, Matt Serra nicknamed teammate Edwin DeWees "Bam Bam" after the Flintstones character. [1]
  • Late professional wrestlers Bam Bam Bigelow, and Terry Gordy derived their ring nicknames from the character.
  • Appeared in The Cleveland-Loretta Quagmire, where he said his catch-phrase, and was followed by Emeril Lagasse saying his.
  • Bamm Bamm is used in the logo of German anti-militarist organization Büros für antimilitaristische Maßnahmen (BamM)[2]

External links

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