Nervous system and Khyber Pass: Difference between pages

Coordinates: 34°5′35″N 71°8′45″E / 34.09306°N 71.14583°E / 34.09306; 71.14583
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{{Infobox Mountain Pass
| Name = Khyber Pass
| Photo = KhyberPassPakistan.jpg
| Caption =Looking back towards [[Pakistan]], on the Pakistan side of the Khyber Pass
| Elevation = {{FORMATNUM:1070}} m
| Location = [[Pakistan]]/[[Afghanistan]]
| Range = Safed Koh
| Coordinates ={{coord|34|5|35|N|71|8|45|E|type:pass}}
| Topographic map =
| Transversed by =
}}


[[Image:Mountain passes of Afghanistan.png|thumb|Mountain passes of Afghanistan]]
The '''nervous system''' is a [[network]] of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself. It processes this information and causes reactions in other parts of the body. It is composed of [[neuron]]s and other specialized cells called [[glia]], that aid in the function of the neurons. The nervous system is divided broadly into two categories; the [[peripheral nervous system]] and the [[central nervous system]]. Neurons generate and conduct [[impulse]]s between and within the two systems. The peripheral nervous system is composed of sensory neurons and the neurons that connect them to the [[nerve cord]], [[spinal cord]] and [[brain]], which make up the [[central nervous system]]. In response to stimuli, sensory neurons generate and propagate signals to the [[central nervous system]] which then process and conduct back signals to the [[muscle]]s and [[gland]]s. The neurons of the nervous systems of animals are interconnected in complex arrangements and use electrochemical signals and [[neurotransmitter]]s to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next. The interaction of the different neurons form neural circuits that regulate an organisms perception of the world and what is going on with its body, thus regulating its behavior.
[[Image:Liebigbild-Bala Hissar and Khaiber Pass.jpg|thumb|An advertisement card from 1910 depicting Khaiber Pass.]]
Nervous systems are found in many multicellular [[animal|animals]] but differ greatly in complexity between species.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Nervous System| encyclopedia = Columbia Encyclopedia| volume =| pages =| publisher = Columbia University Press| date = | id = | accessdate = 4/1/08}}</ref>


The '''Khyber Pass''', (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar) ({{lang-ur|درہ خیبر}}) (altitude: {{FORMATNUM:1070}}&nbsp;m&nbsp;,&nbsp;{{FORMATNUM:3510}}&nbsp;ft) is the [[mountain pass]] that links [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]].
[[Image:Nervous system diagram.png|thumb|The Human Nervous System. Red is CNS and blue is PNS.]]


Throughout history it has been an important trade route between [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]] and a [[Military strategy|strategic]] military location. The summit of the Khyber Pass is 5&nbsp;[[km]] inside Pakistan at [[Landi Kotal]] and it cuts through the northeastern part of the [[Safed Koh]] mountains which themselves are a far southeastern extension of the [[Hindu Kush]] range.
== Nervous system in humans ==


==Geography==
[[Image:Structural.gif|thumb|right|Para-sagittal MRI of the brain([[central nervous system]])]]
As with many passes, the start and finish are ill-defined. Many definitions state that the Khyber Pass starts from near [[Jamrud|Jamrud, Pakistan]] ({{FORMATNUM:491}}&nbsp;m&nbsp;-&nbsp;{{FORMATNUM:1611}}&nbsp;ft), 15&nbsp;km west of [[Peshawar]] and ends west of [[Torkham]], Afghanistan, a winding road of 48&nbsp;km which passes [[Fort Maude]] and [[Ali Masjid]] to reach a narrowest point of just 15 [[metre]] wide between canyon walls. The summit at [[Landi Kotal]] at {{coord|34|5|35|N|71|8|45|E|display=inline,title}} is followed by a steep decline to [[Michni Kandao]], [[Landi Khana]] and the Afghan border at [[Torkham]]. Here the [[Grade (slope)|gradient]] becomes easier as the pass exits at [[Haft Chah]] opening onto the [[Dakka]] plain. The road/highway was built by the British in 1879 and the railway from Jamrud to Landi Khana was built over six years by [[Victor Bayley]] and completed in 1925.


From Dakka, the [[Kabul River]] flows to [[Peshawar]] through the [[Loe Shilman Gorge]], a less direct and more difficult route to travel, chosen by [[Alexander the Great]] when he crossed into [[South Asia]] in [[326 BC]] in an attempt to conquer the [[Indus Valley]].<ref>That doesn't even make sense.</ref>
The human Nervous system can be described both by [[gross anatomy]], (which describes the parts that are large enough to be seen with the [[naked eye]],) and by [[microanatomy]], (which describes the system at a [[cellular]] level.) In gross anatomy, the nervous system can be divided into distinct organs, these being stations through which the [[neural pathways]] cross. These organs can be divided into two systems: the [[central nervous system]] (CNS) and the [[peripheral nervous system]] (PNS).<ref>{{cite book
| last = Maton
| first = Anthea
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright
| title = Human Biology and Health
| publisher = Prentice Hall
| date = 1993
| location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA
| pages = 132-144
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-13-981176-1}}</ref>


==History==
=== Central nervous system ===
In some versions of the Aryan migration theory, the [[Indo-Aryans]] migrated to India via the Khyber Pass. Recorded invasions through the Khyber begin with the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] and also include later [[Muslim]] invasions of South Asia, culminating with the establishment of the [[Mughul Empire]] from 1526. From India, the [[British Raj|British]] invaded [[Afghanistan]] and fought three Afghan Wars in [[First Anglo-Afghan War|1839-42]], [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|1878-80]], and [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|1919]]. [[George Molesworth]], a member of the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|British force of 1919]], summarised: "Every stone in the Khyber has been soaked in blood." [[Rudyard Kipling]] called it "a sword cut through the mountains."
{{Main|Central nervous system}}


To the north of the Khyber Pass lies the country of the [[Mullagori]]s. To the south is Afridi [[Tirah]], while the inhabitants of villages in the Pass itself are [[Afridi]] clansmen. Throughout the centuries the [[Pashtun]] clans, particularly the Afridis and the Afghan [[Shinwari]]s, have regarded the Pass as their own preserve and have levied a toll on travellers for safe conduct. Since this has long been their main source of income, resistance to challenges to the Shinwaris' authority has often been fierce.
{{See also|List of regions in the human brain}}


[[Image:Khyber chiefs with captain tucker.jpg|thumb|left|Afghan chiefs and a [[United Kingdom|British]] Political Officer posed at [[Jamrud]] fort at the mouth of the Khyber Pass in 1878.]]
The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system, and includes the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]]. The [[spinal cavity]] holds and protects the spinal cord, while the [[head]] contains and protects the brain. The CNS is covered by the [[meninges]], a three layered protective coat. The brain is also protected by the skull, and the spinal cord is also protected by the vertebrae.
<center>
<table class="prettytable" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td rowspan="6"> [[Central nervous system|Central <br /> nervous <br /> system]]
<td rowspan="5">[[Brain]]</td>
<td rowspan="2">[[Prosencephalon]]</td>
<td>[[Telencephalon]]</td>
<td colspan="2">
[[Rhinencephalon]],
[[Amygdala]],
[[Hippocampus]],
[[Neocortex]],
[[Lateral ventricles]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>


The pass became widely known to thousands of Westerners and Japanese who traveled it in the days of the [[Hippie trail]], taking a public or private bus or car from [[Kabul]] or the Afghan border, on the Pakistani side. People were advised not to wander away from the road; a quick daylight passage was then made. Monuments left by British Army units, as well as hillside forts, could be viewed from the highway.
<td>[[Diencephalon]]</td>
<td colspan=2>
[[Epithalamus]],
[[Thalamus]],
[[Hypothalamus]],
[[Subthalamus]],
[[Pituitary gland]],
[[Pineal gland]],
[[Third ventricle]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">[[Brain stem]]</td>
<td>[[Mesencephalon]]</td>
<td colspan="2">
[[Tectum]],
[[Cerebral peduncle]],
[[Pretectum]],
[[Mesencephalic duct]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan=2>[[Rhombencephalon]]</td>
<td> [[Metencephalon]] </td>
<td>
[[Pons]],
[[Cerebellum]],
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Myelencephalon]] </td>
<td>[[Medulla oblongata]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" align="left">[[Spinal cord]] </td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>


The area of the Khyber Pass has been connected with a counterfeit arms industry, making [[AK-47]]s and [[Martini-Henry|Martini-Henry rifles]], among others including pistols and submachine guns using local steel and [[blacksmith|blacksmiths']] [[forge]]s.
=== Peripheral nervous system ===
{{Main|Peripheral nervous system}}


Torkham Gate is a major trade route between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
The PNS is a regional term for the collective nervous structures that do not lie in the CNS. The bodies of the nerve cells lie in the CNS, either in the brain or the spinal cord, and the longer of the cellular processes of these cells, known as axons, extend through the limbs and the flesh of the torso. The large majority the axons which are commonly called nerves, are considered to be PNS.


== Microanatomy ==
==Bibliography==
*[[George Molesworth|Molesworth, Lt-Gen. G.N.]], ''Afghanistan 1919'' (Asia Publishing House, 1962). Describes in detail the author's passage through the Khyber Pass, when he was Adjutant of the 2/[[The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert's)|Somerset Light Infantry]].
* Victor Bayley CIE CBE. "Permanent Way through the Khyber", Jarrolds 1934. Illustrated with photos, the author describes the construction of the railway.
* V. Bayley. (as above). 'Adventures through the Khyber' . In a breach of copyright this was published in 1998 by Gyan Publishing House, India. it uses the same text and illustrations as the first mentioned (the copyright holder lives in London) .


==See also==
The nervous system is, on a small scale, primarily made up of [[neurons]]. However, [[glial cell]]s also play a major role.
{{portalpar|Pakistan|Flag of Pakistan.svg}}
{{sisterlinks}}
*[[North-West Frontier Province]]
*[[Khyber Agency]]
*[[Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan|Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]
*[[Durand Line]]
*[[Pakistan Standard Time]]
*[[Carry On... Up the Khyber]]


[[Category:Mountain passes of Pakistan]]
=== Neurons ===
[[Category:Mountain passes of Afghanistan]]
{{Main|Neuron}}
[[Category:Hindu Kush]]
[[Category:Pakistani border crossings]]


[[ar:ممر خيبر]]
Neurons are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. Neurons are the core components of the brain, the vertebrate spinal cord, the invertebrate ventral nerve cord, and the peripheral nerves. A number of different types of neurons exist: sensory neurons respond to touch, sound, light and numerous other stimuli effecting sensory organs and send signals to the spinal cord and brain, motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord and cause muscle contractions and affect glands, Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the brain and spinal cord.
[[bg:Кибер]]

[[ca:Pas de Khyber]]
=== Gial cells ===
[[cs:Chajbarský průsmyk]]
{{Main|Glial cell}}
[[cy:Bwlch Khyber]]

[[da:Khyberpasset]]
Glial cells are non-[[neuron]]al [[cell (biology)|cells]] that provide support and nutrition, maintain [[homeostasis]], form [[myelin]], and participate in signal transmission in the [[nervous system]]. In the [[human brain]], glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.<ref name="sfn">[http://www.sfn.org/index.cfm?pagename=brainBriefings_astrocytes sfn.org Society for Neuroscience, 2000]</ref>
[[de:Chaiber-Pass]]

[[es:Paso Khyber]]
Glial cells provide support and protection for [[neurons]]. They are thus known as the "glue" of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place, to supply [[nutrients]] and [[oxygen]] to neurons, to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy [[pathogens]] and remove dead neurons.
[[fa:تنگه خیبر]]

[[fr:Passe de Khyber]]
=== Physiological division ===
[[hi:खैबर दर्रा]]

[[id:Celah Khyber]]
[[Image:NSdiagram.png|thumb|right|400px|Diagram showing the major divisions of the nervous system.]]
[[it:Passo Khyber]]

[[lb:Khyber Pass]]
A less anatomical but much more functional way of dividing of the human nervous system is classification according to the role that the different neural pathways play, regardless of whether or not they cross through the CNS/PNS:
[[ml:ഖൈബര്‍ ചുരം]]

[[mr:खैबर खिंड]]
The [[somatic nervous system]] is responsible for coordinating voluntary body movements (i.e. activities that are under conscious control).
[[nl:Khyberpas]]

[[ja:カイバル峠]]
The [[autonomic nervous system]] is responsible for coordinating involuntary functions, such as breathing and digestion.
[[no:Khyber]]

[[pl:Chajber]]
In turn, these divisions of the nervous system can be further divided according to the direction in which they conduct nerve impulses:
[[pt:Passo Khyber]]

[[simple:Khyber Pass]]
* Afferent system by [[sensory neuron]]s, which carries impulses from a somatic receptor to the CNS
[[sk:Chajbarský priesmyk]]
* Efferent system by [[motor neuron]]s, which carries impulses from the CNS to an effector
[[fi:Khyberin sola]]
* Relay system by [[interneurons]] (also called "relay neurons"), which transmit impulses between the sensory and motor neurons (both in the CNS and PNS).
[[ur:درۂ خیبر]]

[[zh:开伯尔山口]]
The junction between two neurons is called a [[synapse]]. There is a very narrow gap (about 20nm in width) between the neurons called the [[synaptic cleft]]. This is where an action potential (the "message" being carried by the neurons, also known as the nerve impulse) is transmitted from one neuron to the next. This is achieved by relaying the message across the synaptic cleft using [[neurotransmitters]], which [[Diffusion|diffuse]] across the gap. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptor sites on the neighboring ([[postsynaptic neuron|postsynaptic]]) neuron, which in turn produces its own electrical/nerve impulse. This impulse is sent to the next synapse, and the cycle repeats itself.

Nerve impulses are a change in ion balance between the inside and outside of a neuron. Because the nervous system uses a combination of electrical and chemical signals, it is incredibly fast. Although the chemical aspect of signaling is much slower than the electrical aspect, a nerve impulse is still fast enough that it is perceived as being instantaneous.<!-- Ed.: Original research, perhaps, but the reason a nerve impulse is perceived as instantaneous would appear to be due to the speed of the nervous system itself. That is, our nervous system cannot perceive the speed of its own transmissions. At least, most of the time. --> Speed is a necessary characteristic in order for an organism to quickly identify the presence of danger, and thus avoid injury/death. For example, a hand touching a hot stove. If the nervous system was only comprised of chemical signals, the nervous system would not be able to signal the arm to move fast enough to escape dangerous burns. Thus, the speed of the nervous system is evolutionarily valuable, and is in fact a necessity for life.

=== Development ===
{{Main|Neural development in humans}}

Some landmarks of [[embryo]]nic neural development include the birth and [[cellular differentiation|differentiation]] of [[neuron]]s from [[stem cells|stem cell]] precursors, the [[cellular migration|migration]] of immature neurons from their birthplaces in the embryo to their final positions, outgrowth of [[axon]]s from neurons and [[axon guidance|guidance]] of the motile [[growth cone]] through the embryo towards postsynaptic partners, the generation of [[synapse]]s between these axons and their postsynaptic partners, and finally the lifelong [[synaptic plasticity|changes]] in synapses which are thought to underlie learning and memory.

=== Importance ===

The evolution of a complex nervous system makes it possible for various animal species to have advanced perception abilities like sight, complex social interactions, rapid coordination of other organ systems, and integrated processing of many concurrent signals. In humans, the advanced development of the nervous system makes it possible to have language, abstract representation of concepts, transmission of culture, and many other outcomes of human society that would not be possible without our brains.

Many people have lost basic motor skills and other skills because of spinal cord injuries. If this portion is damaged, the biggest nerve and the most important one get damaged. This leads to paralysis or other permanent damage. Physical lesions or genetic abnormalities of the brain can also lead to major harm.

=== Abilities ===

The nervous system is able to make basic motor skills and other skills possible. The basic [[5 senses]] of texture, taste, sight, smell, and hearing are powered by the nervous system. If disabled, basic motor skills may be lost.

== Non-humans ==

===Vertebrates===<!-- This section is linked from [[Lupus erythematosus]] -->
The nervous system of all [[vertebrate|vertebrate animals]], is often divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

=== Worms ===

[[Planaria]], a type of [[flatworm]], have dual [[Ventral nerve cord|nerve cord]]s running along the length of the body and merging at the tail and the mouth. These nerve cords are connected by [[transverse]] nerves like the rungs of a ladder. These transverse nerves help [[coordinate]] the two sides of the animal. Two large [[ganglia]] at the head end function similar to a simple brain. [[Photoreceptor]]s on the animal's eyespots provide sensory information on light and dark.

The nervous system of the [[roundworm]] ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans]]'' has been mapped out to the cellular level. Every neuron and its [[Fate mapping|cellular lineage]] has been recorded and most, if not all, of the neural connections are known. In this species, the nervous system is [[sexually dimorphic]]; the nervous systems of the two sexes, males and [[hermaphrodites]], have different numbers of neurons and groups of neurons that perform sex-specific functions. In ''C. elegans'', males have exactly 383 neurons, while hermaphrodites have exactly 302 neurons [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_specnervsys/specnervsys.html]

=== Arthropoda ===

[[Arthropod]]s, such as [[insect]]s and [[crustacean]]s, have a nervous system made up of a series of [[ganglion|ganglia]], connected by a [[ventral nerve cord]] made up of two parallel connectives running along the length of the [[belly]] [http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/4015/morpology/]. Typically, each body segment has one [[ganglion]] on each side, though some ganglia are fused to form the brain and other large ganglia [http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/nerves.html].

The head segment contains the [[brain]], also known as the supraesophageal ganglion. In the [[Insect#Nervous system|insect nervous system]], the brain is anatomically divided into the [[protocerebrum]], [[deutocerebrum]], and [[tritocerebrum]]. Immediately behind the brain is the [[subesophageal ganglion]], which is composed of three pairs of fused ganglia. It controls the [[mouthparts]], the [[salivary glands]] and certain [[muscle]]s.

Many arthropods have well-developed [[sense|sensory]] organs, including [[compound eye]]s for vision and [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] for [[olfaction]] and [[pheromone]] sensation. The sensory information from these organs is processed by the brain.

=== Development ===
{{Main|Neural development}}

Neural development in most species have many similarities [[neural development in humans]].

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==

* [http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/introb.html Neuroscience for Kids]
* [http://www.thehumanbrainproject.org The Human Brain Project Homepage]
* [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CNS.html Kimball's Biology Pages, CNS]
* [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html Kimball's Biology Pages, PNS]

{{Systems}}
{{organ systems}}
{{nervous system}}
{{Somatosensory system}}
{{Nervous tissue}}
{{Nervous system physiology}}
{{Diseases of the nervous system}}
{{Development of nervous system}}
{{Neurosurgical procedures}}

[[Category:Nervous system]]

[[ar:جهاز عصبي]]
[[bs:Nervni sistem]]
[[bg:Нервна система]]
[[ca:Sistema nerviós]]
[[cs:Nervová soustava]]
[[da:Nervesystemet]]
[[de:Nervensystem]]
[[dv:ނާރުތަކުގެ ނިޒާމް]]
[[et:Närvisüsteem]]
[[el:Νευρικό σύστημα]]
[[es:Sistema nervioso]]
[[eo:Nerva sistemo]]
[[eu:Nerbio-sistema]]
[[fa:دستگاه عصبی]]
[[fr:Système nerveux]]
[[gl:Sistema nervioso]]
[[hr:Živčani sustav]]
[[io:Nervaro]]
[[id:Sistem saraf]]
[[is:Taugakerfið]]
[[it:Sistema nervoso]]
[[he:מערכת העצבים]]
[[pam:Sistema nerviosa]]
[[lv:Nervu sistēma]]
[[lt:Nervų sistema]]
[[mk:Нервен систем]]
[[nl:Zenuwstelsel]]
[[ja:神経系]]
[[no:Nervesystemet]]
[[nn:Nervesystemet]]
[[pl:Układ nerwowy człowieka]]
[[pt:Sistema nervoso]]
[[ro:Sistem nervos]]
[[qu:Ankucha llika]]
[[ru:Нервная система]]
[[sq:Sistemi nervor]]
[[simple:Nervous system]]
[[sk:Nervové tkanivo]]
[[sl:Živčni sistem]]
[[sr:Нервни систем]]
[[fi:Hermosto]]
[[sv:Nervsystemet]]
[[tl:Sistemang nerbiyos]]
[[th:ระบบประสาท]]
[[tr:Sinir sistemi]]
[[uk:Нервова система]]
[[ur:عصبی نظام]]
[[yi:נערווען סיסטעם]]
[[zh:神经系统]]

Revision as of 01:09, 13 October 2008

Khyber Pass
Mountain passes of Afghanistan
An advertisement card from 1910 depicting Khaiber Pass.

The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar) (Urdu: درہ خیبر) (altitude: 1,070 m , 3,510 ft) is the mountain pass that links Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia and a strategic military location. The summit of the Khyber Pass is 5 km inside Pakistan at Landi Kotal and it cuts through the northeastern part of the Safed Koh mountains which themselves are a far southeastern extension of the Hindu Kush range.

Geography

As with many passes, the start and finish are ill-defined. Many definitions state that the Khyber Pass starts from near Jamrud, Pakistan (491 m - 1,611 ft), 15 km west of Peshawar and ends west of Torkham, Afghanistan, a winding road of 48 km which passes Fort Maude and Ali Masjid to reach a narrowest point of just 15 metre wide between canyon walls. The summit at Landi Kotal at 34°5′35″N 71°8′45″E / 34.09306°N 71.14583°E / 34.09306; 71.14583 is followed by a steep decline to Michni Kandao, Landi Khana and the Afghan border at Torkham. Here the gradient becomes easier as the pass exits at Haft Chah opening onto the Dakka plain. The road/highway was built by the British in 1879 and the railway from Jamrud to Landi Khana was built over six years by Victor Bayley and completed in 1925.

From Dakka, the Kabul River flows to Peshawar through the Loe Shilman Gorge, a less direct and more difficult route to travel, chosen by Alexander the Great when he crossed into South Asia in 326 BC in an attempt to conquer the Indus Valley.[1]

History

In some versions of the Aryan migration theory, the Indo-Aryans migrated to India via the Khyber Pass. Recorded invasions through the Khyber begin with the conquests of Alexander the Great and also include later Muslim invasions of South Asia, culminating with the establishment of the Mughul Empire from 1526. From India, the British invaded Afghanistan and fought three Afghan Wars in 1839-42, 1878-80, and 1919. George Molesworth, a member of the British force of 1919, summarised: "Every stone in the Khyber has been soaked in blood." Rudyard Kipling called it "a sword cut through the mountains."

To the north of the Khyber Pass lies the country of the Mullagoris. To the south is Afridi Tirah, while the inhabitants of villages in the Pass itself are Afridi clansmen. Throughout the centuries the Pashtun clans, particularly the Afridis and the Afghan Shinwaris, have regarded the Pass as their own preserve and have levied a toll on travellers for safe conduct. Since this has long been their main source of income, resistance to challenges to the Shinwaris' authority has often been fierce.

Afghan chiefs and a British Political Officer posed at Jamrud fort at the mouth of the Khyber Pass in 1878.

The pass became widely known to thousands of Westerners and Japanese who traveled it in the days of the Hippie trail, taking a public or private bus or car from Kabul or the Afghan border, on the Pakistani side. People were advised not to wander away from the road; a quick daylight passage was then made. Monuments left by British Army units, as well as hillside forts, could be viewed from the highway.

The area of the Khyber Pass has been connected with a counterfeit arms industry, making AK-47s and Martini-Henry rifles, among others including pistols and submachine guns using local steel and blacksmiths' forges.

Torkham Gate is a major trade route between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Bibliography

  • Molesworth, Lt-Gen. G.N., Afghanistan 1919 (Asia Publishing House, 1962). Describes in detail the author's passage through the Khyber Pass, when he was Adjutant of the 2/Somerset Light Infantry.
  • Victor Bayley CIE CBE. "Permanent Way through the Khyber", Jarrolds 1934. Illustrated with photos, the author describes the construction of the railway.
  • V. Bayley. (as above). 'Adventures through the Khyber' . In a breach of copyright this was published in 1998 by Gyan Publishing House, India. it uses the same text and illustrations as the first mentioned (the copyright holder lives in London) .

See also

  1. ^ That doesn't even make sense.
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