Chinese cruiser Jingyuan (1887): Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 39°12′50″N 123°07′35″E / 39.21389°N 123.12639°E / 39.21389; 123.12639
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{{Other ships|Chinese cruiser Jingyuen (1886)|Ching Yuen}}
{{Other ships|Chinese cruiser Jingyuan (1886)}}
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|Ship caption=''King Yuen''
|Ship caption=''King Yuen''
}}
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Hide header=
|Ship country=China
|Ship country=[[Imperial China]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Qing dynasty|naval}}
|Ship flag=[[Image:China Qing Dynasty Flag 1889.svg|60px|Qing Dynasty Flag 1889.svg]]
|Ship name=''Jingyuen''
|Ship name=''Jingyuen''
|Ship ordered=
|Ship ordered=
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|Ship captured=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate= Sunk in combat; 17 September 1894
|Ship fate= Sunk in combat; 17 September 1894
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
|Ship badge=
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|Hide header=
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|Header caption=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship class=
|Ship type=[[Armored cruiser]]
|Ship type=[[Armored cruiser]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2900|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|Ship displacement={{convert|2900|t|LT|abbr=on}}
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|Ship capacity=320 tons of [[coal]]
|Ship capacity=320 tons of [[coal]]
|Ship complement=270 officers and men
|Ship complement=270 officers and men
|Ship armament=2 × {{convert|210|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns, 2 × {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns, 4 × {{convert|457|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s, 8 × [[machine gun]]s
|Ship armament=* 2 × [[21 cm L/35|{{convert|210|mm|in|abbr=on}}]] guns
* 2 × [[15 cm SK L/35|{{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}}]] guns
* 4 × {{convert|457|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s
* 8 × [[machine gun]]s

⚫
|Ship armour=*'''[[Belt armor|Belt]]:''' {{convert|24|cm|in|abbr=on}}
*'''[[Gun turret|Turret]]:''' {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}}
|Ship armour=*[[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert|24|cm|in|abbr=on}}
⚫
* [[Deck armor|Deck]]: {{convert|2.5|to|3|in|mm|abbr=on}}
*[[Gun turret|Turret]]: {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}}
|Ship notes=
|Ship notes=
}}
}}
|}
|}
⚫
'''''Jingyuan''''' ({{zh|c=經遠|p=Jīngyuǎn|w=Ching-Yuen or King-Yuen}}) was an [[armored cruiser]] in the late [[Qing Dynasty]] [[Beiyang Fleet]]. Her [[sister ship]] was {{ship|Chinese cruiser|Laiyuan||2}}.
{{Italic title prefixed|15}}
⚫
'''''Jingyuan''''' ({{zh|c=經遠|p=Jingyuan|w=Ching-Yuen or King-Yuen}}) was an [[armored cruiser]] in the late [[Qing Dynasty]] [[Beiyang Fleet]]. Its [[sister ship]] was the {{ship|Chinese cruiser|Laiyuan||2}}.


==Background==
==Background==
As part of his drive to create a modern navy following the [[Sino-French War]], Viceroy [[Li Hongzhang]] turned to [[AG Vulcan Stettin|Vulcan shipyards]] in [[Stettin]], [[Empire of Germany|Germany]]. ''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were called “[[gunboat]]s” by their designers, but were referred to as “cruisers” by the Chinese. In terms of [[displacement (ship)|displacement]], they were similar in class to the Japanese [[Matsushima class cruiser|''Matsushima'' class]]. However, in terms of weaponry, they mounted large calibre guns in the manner of a coastal defense [[Monitor (warship)|monitor]], and lacked the speed or a higher muzzle velocity [[main battery]] typical of ships designed per the tenets of the then-popular [[Jeune Ecole]] theory promoted by French naval architect [[Emile Bertin]].
As part of his drive to create a modern navy following the [[Sino-French War]], Viceroy [[Li Hongzhang]] turned to [[AG Vulcan Stettin|Vulcan shipyards]] in [[Stettin]], [[Empire of Germany|Germany]]. ''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were called "[[gunboat]]s" by their designers, but were referred to as "cruisers" by the Chinese. In terms of [[displacement (ship)|displacement]], they were similar in class to the Japanese {{sclass|Matsushima|cruiser|4}}. However, in terms of weaponry, they mounted large calibre guns in the manner of a coastal defense [[Monitor (warship)|monitor]], and lacked the speed or a higher muzzle velocity [[main battery]] typical of ships designed per the tenets of the then-popular [[Jeune Ecole]] theory promoted by French naval architect [[Emile Bertin]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}


==Design==
==Design==
''Jingyuan'' had a steel housing, divided into 66 waterproof compartments filled with [[cork (material)|cork]],two smokestacks, and single mast. Her [[belt armor]] had a thickness of 5.5 to 9.5 inches, but did not extend above the waterline or to the extremities of the hull, and was 8 inches at the [[conning tower]] and [[barbette]]s. Her deck armor had a thickness of 2.5 inches to 3 inches at the extremities. The [[prow]] was reinforced for [[Naval ram|ramming]]. The power plant was a double expansion reciprocating [[steam engine]] with four cylindrical boilers, driving two screws.
''Jingyuan'' had a steel housing, divided into 66 waterproof compartments filled with [[cork (material)|cork]], two smokestacks, and single mast. Her [[belt armor]] had a thickness of {{convert|5.5|to|9.5|in|mm}}, but did not extend above the waterline or to the extremities of the hull, and was {{convert|8|in|mm}} at the [[conning tower]] and [[barbette]]s. Her deck armor had a thickness of {{convert|2.5|to|3|in|mm}} at the extremities. The [[prow]] was reinforced for [[Naval ram|ramming]]. The power plant was a double expansion reciprocating [[steam engine]] with four cylindrical boilers, driving two screws.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}


The ship’s main armament was two [[breech-loading weapon|breech-loading]] 8-inch (203 mm) [[Krupp]] cannon, paired in the forward barbette. Provision was made for only 50 rounds of ammunition per gun. The secondary armament consisted of two 6-inch (152 mm) Krupp guns mounted on [[sponson]]s on either side of the deck. The ship also had two 47-mm long guns and five 37 mm [[Hotchkiss gun]]s, as well as two [[torpedo tube]]s.
The ship's main armament was two [[breech-loading weapon|breech-loading]] [[21 cm L/35|8.2-inch (209-mm)]] [[Krupp]] cannon, paired in the forward barbette. Provision was made for only 50 rounds of ammunition per gun. The secondary armament consisted of two [[15 cm SK L/35|6-inch (152 mm)]] Krupp guns mounted on [[sponson]]s on either side of the deck. The ship also had two [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|47-mm long guns]] and five 37 mm [[Hotchkiss gun]]s, as well as two [[torpedo tube]]s.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}


''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were second in displacement after the Beiyang Fleet battleships {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Dingyuan||2}} and {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Zhenyuan||2}}, but were deficient in speed and in firepower, where compared with temporary vessels, such as the British-built [[Elswick cruiser]]s. Although its armor belt gave ''Jingyuan'' an advantage over non-protected vessels, its two-inch lacquered [[teak]] deck made it flammable in the event of a battle.
''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were second in displacement after the Beiyang Fleet battleships {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Dingyuan||2}} and {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Zhenyuan||2}}, but were deficient in speed and firepower compared with contemporary vessels such as the British-built [[Elswick cruiser]]s. Although its armor belt gave ''Jingyuan'' an advantage over non-protected vessels, its two-inch lacquered [[teak]] deck made it flammable in the event of a battle.


==Service record==
==Service record==
''Jingyuan'' was laid down on 1 January 1885, launched on 25 March 1887, and completed on 1 January 1888.
''Jingyuan'' was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 1 January 1885, [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 25 March 1887, and completed on 1 January 1888.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

On arrival in China in 1880, ''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were both assigned to the Beiyang Fleet. In the summer of 1889, both vessels were part of the flotilla let by Admiral [[Ding Ruchang]], calling on the Russian naval base of [[Vladivostok]]. In early 1894, both vessels accompanied {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Dingyuan||2}} and {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Zhenyuan||2}} on a visit to [[Singapore]], but the flotilla was recalled to [[Weihaiwei]] on the eve of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] with the [[Empire of Japan]].
On arrival in China in 1888, ''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were both assigned to the Beiyang Fleet. In the summer of 1889, both vessels were part of the flotilla let by Admiral [[Ding Ruchang]], calling on the Russian naval base of [[Vladivostok]]. In early 1894, both vessels accompanied {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Dingyuan||2}} and {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Zhenyuan||2}} on a visit to [[Singapore]], but the flotilla was recalled to [[Weihai]]wei on the eve of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] with the [[Empire of Japan]].


''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were both in the [[Battle of the Yalu River (1894)|Battle of the Yalu River]] on 17 September 1894. Early in the battle, the captain of ''Laiyuan'' moved aggressively against the Japanese squadron, pursuing and severely damaging the slower moving Japanese [[gunboat]] {{ship|Japanese gunboat|Akagi||2}}, but receiving considerable damage in return, which set her on fire and removed her from the combat. With ''Laiyuan'' apparently doomed, the Japanese flying squadron led by Admiral [[Tsuboi Kozo]] ({{ship|Japanese cruiser|Yoshino||2}}, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Takachiho||2}}, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Akitsushima||2}}, and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Naniwa||2}}), concentrated fire on ''Jingyuan'' for over an hour. Briefly, ''Jingyuan'' appeared to be closing on ''Yoshino'' in an apparent attempt to ram, but at 16:48, lurched to the starboard and burst into flames. Soon after, with a large explosion, ''Jingyuan'' rolled over and sank. Of the 270 crewmen, only seven escaped.
''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were both in the [[Battle of the Yalu River (1894)|Battle of the Yalu River]] on 17 September 1894. Early in the battle, the captain of ''Laiyuan'' moved aggressively against the Japanese squadron, pursuing and severely damaging the slower moving Japanese [[gunboat]] {{ship|Japanese gunboat|Akagi||2}}, but receiving considerable damage in return, which set her on fire and removed her from the combat. With ''Laiyuan'' apparently doomed, the Japanese flying squadron led by Admiral [[Tsuboi Kozo]] ({{ship|Japanese cruiser|Yoshino||2}}, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Takachiho||2}}, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Akitsushima||2}}, and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Naniwa||2}}), concentrated fire on ''Jingyuan'' for over an hour. Briefly, ''Jingyuan'' appeared to be closing on ''Yoshino'' in an apparent attempt to ram, but at 16:48, lurched to the starboard and burst into flames. Soon after, with a large explosion, ''Jingyuan'' rolled over and sank. Of the 270 crewmen, only seven escaped.


==References==
==References==
*Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M. Kolesnik (editors), ''All The World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905'', Conway Maritime Press, 1979 reprinted 2002, ISBN 0-85177-133-5
*Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M. Kolesnik (editors), ''All The World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905'', Conway Maritime Press, 1979 reprinted 2002, {{ISBN|0-85177-133-5}}
*{{cite book | last = Wright | first = Richard N. J. | authorlink = | year = 2000 | title = The Chinese Steam Navy 1862-1945 | publisher = Chatham Publishing | location = London | isbn = 1-86176-144-9}}
*{{cite book | last = Wright | first = Richard N. J. | year = 2000 | title = The Chinese Steam Navy 1862-1945 | publisher = Chatham Publishing | location = London | isbn = 1-86176-144-9}}

{{1894 shipwrecks}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jingyuen}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jingyuen}}
[[Category:Cruisers of the Beiyang Fleet]]
[[Category:Cruisers of the Beiyang Fleet]]
[[Category:Victorian-era naval ships of China]]
[[Category:Naval ships of China]]
[[Category:Ships built in Stettin]]
[[Category:Ships built in Stettin]]
[[Category:1887 ships]]
[[Category:1887 ships]]

Latest revision as of 22:24, 26 December 2022

For other ships with the same name, see Chinese cruiser Jingyuan (1886).
King Yuen
King Yuen
History
Imperial China
NameJingyuen
BuilderStettiner AG Vulcan,
Cost865,000 silver tael
Laid down1 January 1885
Launched3 January 1887
Completed1 January 1888
FateSunk in combat; 17 September 1894
General characteristics
TypeArmored cruiser
Displacement2,900 t (2,900 long tons)
Length82.4 m (270 ft 4 in)
Beam11.99 m (39 ft 4 in)
Draft5.11 m (16 ft 9 in)
Speed16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Capacity320 tons of coal
Complement270 officers and men
Armament
Armour
  • Belt: 24 cm (9.4 in)
  • Deck: 2.5 to 3 in (64 to 76 mm)
  • Turret: 20 cm (7.9 in)

Jingyuan (Chinese: 經遠; pinyin: Jīngyuǎn; Wade–Giles: Ching-Yuen or King-Yuen) was an armored cruiser in the late Qing Dynasty Beiyang Fleet. Her sister ship was Laiyuan.

Background[edit]

As part of his drive to create a modern navy following the Sino-French War, Viceroy Li Hongzhang turned to Vulcan shipyards in Stettin, Germany. Jingyuan and Laiyuan were called "gunboats" by their designers, but were referred to as "cruisers" by the Chinese. In terms of displacement, they were similar in class to the Japanese Matsushima class. However, in terms of weaponry, they mounted large calibre guns in the manner of a coastal defense monitor, and lacked the speed or a higher muzzle velocity main battery typical of ships designed per the tenets of the then-popular Jeune Ecole theory promoted by French naval architect Emile Bertin.[citation needed]

Design[edit]

Jingyuan had a steel housing, divided into 66 waterproof compartments filled with cork, two smokestacks, and single mast. Her belt armor had a thickness of 5.5 to 9.5 inches (140 to 240 mm), but did not extend above the waterline or to the extremities of the hull, and was 8 inches (200 mm) at the conning tower and barbettes. Her deck armor had a thickness of 2.5 to 3 inches (64 to 76 mm) at the extremities. The prow was reinforced for ramming. The power plant was a double expansion reciprocating steam engine with four cylindrical boilers, driving two screws.[citation needed]

The ship's main armament was two breech-loading 8.2-inch (209-mm) Krupp cannon, paired in the forward barbette. Provision was made for only 50 rounds of ammunition per gun. The secondary armament consisted of two 6-inch (152 mm) Krupp guns mounted on sponsons on either side of the deck. The ship also had two 47-mm long guns and five 37 mm Hotchkiss guns, as well as two torpedo tubes.[citation needed]

Jingyuan and Laiyuan were second in displacement after the Beiyang Fleet battleships Dingyuan and Zhenyuan, but were deficient in speed and firepower compared with contemporary vessels such as the British-built Elswick cruisers. Although its armor belt gave Jingyuan an advantage over non-protected vessels, its two-inch lacquered teak deck made it flammable in the event of a battle.

Service record[edit]

Jingyuan was laid down on 1 January 1885, launched on 25 March 1887, and completed on 1 January 1888.[citation needed]

On arrival in China in 1888, Jingyuan and Laiyuan were both assigned to the Beiyang Fleet. In the summer of 1889, both vessels were part of the flotilla let by Admiral Ding Ruchang, calling on the Russian naval base of Vladivostok. In early 1894, both vessels accompanied Dingyuan and Zhenyuan on a visit to Singapore, but the flotilla was recalled to Weihaiwei on the eve of the First Sino-Japanese War with the Empire of Japan.

Jingyuan and Laiyuan were both in the Battle of the Yalu River on 17 September 1894. Early in the battle, the captain of Laiyuan moved aggressively against the Japanese squadron, pursuing and severely damaging the slower moving Japanese gunboat Akagi, but receiving considerable damage in return, which set her on fire and removed her from the combat. With Laiyuan apparently doomed, the Japanese flying squadron led by Admiral Tsuboi Kozo (Yoshino, Takachiho, Akitsushima, and Naniwa), concentrated fire on Jingyuan for over an hour. Briefly, Jingyuan appeared to be closing on Yoshino in an apparent attempt to ram, but at 16:48, lurched to the starboard and burst into flames. Soon after, with a large explosion, Jingyuan rolled over and sank. Of the 270 crewmen, only seven escaped.

References[edit]

  • Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M. Kolesnik (editors), All The World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905, Conway Maritime Press, 1979 reprinted 2002, ISBN 0-85177-133-5
  • Wright, Richard N. J. (2000). The Chinese Steam Navy 1862-1945. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-144-9.

39°12′50″N 123°07′35″E / 39.21389°N 123.12639°E / 39.21389; 123.12639

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