Chinese cruiser Jingyuan (1887): Difference between revisions
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|Ship country=[[Imperial China]] |
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|Ship name=''Jingyuen'' |
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|Ship fate= Sunk in combat; 17 September 1894 |
|Ship fate= Sunk in combat; 17 September 1894 |
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'''''Jingyuan''''' ({{zh|c=經遠|p= |
'''''Jingyuan''''' ({{zh|c=經遠|p=Jīngyuǎn|w=Ching-Yuen or King-Yuen}}) was an [[armored cruiser]] in the late [[Qing Dynasty]] [[Beiyang Fleet]]. Her [[sister ship]] was {{ship|Chinese cruiser|Laiyuan||2}}. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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As part of his drive to create a modern navy following the [[Sino-French War]], Viceroy [[Li Hongzhang]] turned to [[AG Vulcan Stettin|Vulcan shipyards]] in [[Stettin]], [[Empire of Germany|Germany]]. ''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were called "[[gunboat]]s" by their designers, but were referred to as "cruisers" by the Chinese. In terms of [[displacement (ship)|displacement]], they were similar in class to the Japanese {{sclass |
As part of his drive to create a modern navy following the [[Sino-French War]], Viceroy [[Li Hongzhang]] turned to [[AG Vulcan Stettin|Vulcan shipyards]] in [[Stettin]], [[Empire of Germany|Germany]]. ''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were called "[[gunboat]]s" by their designers, but were referred to as "cruisers" by the Chinese. In terms of [[displacement (ship)|displacement]], they were similar in class to the Japanese {{sclass|Matsushima|cruiser|4}}. However, in terms of weaponry, they mounted large calibre guns in the manner of a coastal defense [[Monitor (warship)|monitor]], and lacked the speed or a higher muzzle velocity [[main battery]] typical of ships designed per the tenets of the then-popular [[Jeune Ecole]] theory promoted by French naval architect [[Emile Bertin]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} |
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==Design== |
==Design== |
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''Jingyuan'' had a steel housing, divided into 66 waterproof compartments filled with [[cork (material)|cork]], two smokestacks, and single mast. Her [[belt armor]] had a thickness of {{convert|5.5|to|9.5|in|mm}}, but did not extend above the waterline or to the extremities of the hull, and was {{convert|8|in|mm}} at the [[conning tower]] and [[barbette]]s. Her deck armor had a thickness of {{convert|2.5|to|3|in|mm}} at the extremities. The [[prow]] was reinforced for [[Naval ram|ramming]]. The power plant was a double expansion reciprocating [[steam engine]] with four cylindrical boilers, driving two screws. |
''Jingyuan'' had a steel housing, divided into 66 waterproof compartments filled with [[cork (material)|cork]], two smokestacks, and single mast. Her [[belt armor]] had a thickness of {{convert|5.5|to|9.5|in|mm}}, but did not extend above the waterline or to the extremities of the hull, and was {{convert|8|in|mm}} at the [[conning tower]] and [[barbette]]s. Her deck armor had a thickness of {{convert|2.5|to|3|in|mm}} at the extremities. The [[prow]] was reinforced for [[Naval ram|ramming]]. The power plant was a double expansion reciprocating [[steam engine]] with four cylindrical boilers, driving two screws.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} |
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The ship's main armament was two [[breech-loading weapon|breech-loading]] [[21 cm L/35|8-inch ( |
The ship's main armament was two [[breech-loading weapon|breech-loading]] [[21 cm L/35|8.2-inch (209-mm)]] [[Krupp]] cannon, paired in the forward barbette. Provision was made for only 50 rounds of ammunition per gun. The secondary armament consisted of two [[15 cm SK L/35|6-inch (152 mm)]] Krupp guns mounted on [[sponson]]s on either side of the deck. The ship also had two [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|47-mm long guns]] and five 37 mm [[Hotchkiss gun]]s, as well as two [[torpedo tube]]s.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} |
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''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were second in displacement after the Beiyang Fleet battleships {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Dingyuan||2}} and {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Zhenyuan||2}}, but were deficient in speed and |
''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were second in displacement after the Beiyang Fleet battleships {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Dingyuan||2}} and {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Zhenyuan||2}}, but were deficient in speed and firepower compared with contemporary vessels such as the British-built [[Elswick cruiser]]s. Although its armor belt gave ''Jingyuan'' an advantage over non-protected vessels, its two-inch lacquered [[teak]] deck made it flammable in the event of a battle. |
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==Service record== |
==Service record== |
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''Jingyuan'' was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 1 January 1885, [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 25 March 1887, and completed on 1 January 1888. |
''Jingyuan'' was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 1 January 1885, [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 25 March 1887, and completed on 1 January 1888.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} |
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On arrival in China in |
On arrival in China in 1888, ''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were both assigned to the Beiyang Fleet. In the summer of 1889, both vessels were part of the flotilla let by Admiral [[Ding Ruchang]], calling on the Russian naval base of [[Vladivostok]]. In early 1894, both vessels accompanied {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Dingyuan||2}} and {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Zhenyuan||2}} on a visit to [[Singapore]], but the flotilla was recalled to [[Weihai]]wei on the eve of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] with the [[Empire of Japan]]. |
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''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were both in the [[Battle of the Yalu River (1894)|Battle of the Yalu River]] on 17 September 1894. Early in the battle, the captain of ''Laiyuan'' moved aggressively against the Japanese squadron, pursuing and severely damaging the slower moving Japanese [[gunboat]] {{ship|Japanese gunboat|Akagi||2}}, but receiving considerable damage in return, which set her on fire and removed her from the combat. With ''Laiyuan'' apparently doomed, the Japanese flying squadron led by Admiral [[Tsuboi Kozo]] ({{ship|Japanese cruiser|Yoshino||2}}, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Takachiho||2}}, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Akitsushima||2}}, and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Naniwa||2}}), concentrated fire on ''Jingyuan'' for over an hour. Briefly, ''Jingyuan'' appeared to be closing on ''Yoshino'' in an apparent attempt to ram, but at 16:48, lurched to the starboard and burst into flames. Soon after, with a large explosion, ''Jingyuan'' rolled over and sank. Of the 270 crewmen, only seven escaped. |
''Jingyuan'' and ''Laiyuan'' were both in the [[Battle of the Yalu River (1894)|Battle of the Yalu River]] on 17 September 1894. Early in the battle, the captain of ''Laiyuan'' moved aggressively against the Japanese squadron, pursuing and severely damaging the slower moving Japanese [[gunboat]] {{ship|Japanese gunboat|Akagi||2}}, but receiving considerable damage in return, which set her on fire and removed her from the combat. With ''Laiyuan'' apparently doomed, the Japanese flying squadron led by Admiral [[Tsuboi Kozo]] ({{ship|Japanese cruiser|Yoshino||2}}, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Takachiho||2}}, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Akitsushima||2}}, and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Naniwa||2}}), concentrated fire on ''Jingyuan'' for over an hour. Briefly, ''Jingyuan'' appeared to be closing on ''Yoshino'' in an apparent attempt to ram, but at 16:48, lurched to the starboard and burst into flames. Soon after, with a large explosion, ''Jingyuan'' rolled over and sank. Of the 270 crewmen, only seven escaped. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M. Kolesnik (editors), ''All The World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905'', Conway Maritime Press, 1979 reprinted 2002, {{ISBN|0-85177-133-5}} |
*Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M. Kolesnik (editors), ''All The World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905'', Conway Maritime Press, 1979 reprinted 2002, {{ISBN|0-85177-133-5}} |
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*{{cite book | last = Wright | first = Richard N. J. |
*{{cite book | last = Wright | first = Richard N. J. | year = 2000 | title = The Chinese Steam Navy 1862-1945 | publisher = Chatham Publishing | location = London | isbn = 1-86176-144-9}} |
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{{1894 shipwrecks}} |
{{1894 shipwrecks}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jingyuen}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jingyuen}} |
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[[Category:Cruisers of the Beiyang Fleet]] |
[[Category:Cruisers of the Beiyang Fleet]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Naval ships of China]] |
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[[Category:Ships built in Stettin]] |
[[Category:Ships built in Stettin]] |
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[[Category:1887 ships]] |
[[Category:1887 ships]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:24, 26 December 2022
.jpg) King Yuen
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Imperial China | |
| Name | Jingyuen |
| Builder | Stettiner AG Vulcan, |
| Cost | 865,000 silver tael |
| Laid down | 1 January 1885 |
| Launched | 3 January 1887 |
| Completed | 1 January 1888 |
| Fate | Sunk in combat; 17 September 1894 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Armored cruiser |
| Displacement | 2,900 t (2,900 long tons) |
| Length | 82.4 m (270 ft 4 in) |
| Beam | 11.99 m (39 ft 4 in) |
| Draft | 5.11 m (16 ft 9 in) |
| Speed | 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph) |
| Capacity | 320 tons of coal |
| Complement | 270 officers and men |
| Armament |
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| Armour | |
Jingyuan (Chinese: 經遠; pinyin: Jīngyuǎn; Wade–Giles: Ching-Yuen or King-Yuen) was an armored cruiser in the late Qing Dynasty Beiyang Fleet. Her sister ship was Laiyuan.
Background[edit]
As part of his drive to create a modern navy following the Sino-French War, Viceroy Li Hongzhang turned to Vulcan shipyards in Stettin, Germany. Jingyuan and Laiyuan were called "gunboats" by their designers, but were referred to as "cruisers" by the Chinese. In terms of displacement, they were similar in class to the Japanese Matsushima class. However, in terms of weaponry, they mounted large calibre guns in the manner of a coastal defense monitor, and lacked the speed or a higher muzzle velocity main battery typical of ships designed per the tenets of the then-popular Jeune Ecole theory promoted by French naval architect Emile Bertin.[citation needed]
Design[edit]
Jingyuan had a steel housing, divided into 66 waterproof compartments filled with cork, two smokestacks, and single mast. Her belt armor had a thickness of 5.5 to 9.5 inches (140 to 240 mm), but did not extend above the waterline or to the extremities of the hull, and was 8 inches (200 mm) at the conning tower and barbettes. Her deck armor had a thickness of 2.5 to 3 inches (64 to 76 mm) at the extremities. The prow was reinforced for ramming. The power plant was a double expansion reciprocating steam engine with four cylindrical boilers, driving two screws.[citation needed]
The ship's main armament was two breech-loading 8.2-inch (209-mm) Krupp cannon, paired in the forward barbette. Provision was made for only 50 rounds of ammunition per gun. The secondary armament consisted of two 6-inch (152 mm) Krupp guns mounted on sponsons on either side of the deck. The ship also had two 47-mm long guns and five 37 mm Hotchkiss guns, as well as two torpedo tubes.[citation needed]
Jingyuan and Laiyuan were second in displacement after the Beiyang Fleet battleships Dingyuan and Zhenyuan, but were deficient in speed and firepower compared with contemporary vessels such as the British-built Elswick cruisers. Although its armor belt gave Jingyuan an advantage over non-protected vessels, its two-inch lacquered teak deck made it flammable in the event of a battle.
Service record[edit]
Jingyuan was laid down on 1 January 1885, launched on 25 March 1887, and completed on 1 January 1888.[citation needed]
On arrival in China in 1888, Jingyuan and Laiyuan were both assigned to the Beiyang Fleet. In the summer of 1889, both vessels were part of the flotilla let by Admiral Ding Ruchang, calling on the Russian naval base of Vladivostok. In early 1894, both vessels accompanied Dingyuan and Zhenyuan on a visit to Singapore, but the flotilla was recalled to Weihaiwei on the eve of the First Sino-Japanese War with the Empire of Japan.
Jingyuan and Laiyuan were both in the Battle of the Yalu River on 17 September 1894. Early in the battle, the captain of Laiyuan moved aggressively against the Japanese squadron, pursuing and severely damaging the slower moving Japanese gunboat Akagi, but receiving considerable damage in return, which set her on fire and removed her from the combat. With Laiyuan apparently doomed, the Japanese flying squadron led by Admiral Tsuboi Kozo (Yoshino, Takachiho, Akitsushima, and Naniwa), concentrated fire on Jingyuan for over an hour. Briefly, Jingyuan appeared to be closing on Yoshino in an apparent attempt to ram, but at 16:48, lurched to the starboard and burst into flames. Soon after, with a large explosion, Jingyuan rolled over and sank. Of the 270 crewmen, only seven escaped.
References[edit]
- Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M. Kolesnik (editors), All The World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905, Conway Maritime Press, 1979 reprinted 2002, ISBN 0-85177-133-5
- Wright, Richard N. J. (2000). The Chinese Steam Navy 1862-1945. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-144-9.