PZL.4: Difference between revisions
m Robot - Moving category Multiple engine aircraft to Multi-engine aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2010 April 23. |
m Disambiguating links to PZL (link changed to Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze; link changed to Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze) using DisamAssist. |
||
| (32 intermediate revisions by 21 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{|{{Infobox |
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin |
||
|name =PZL.4 |
|name =PZL.4 |
||
|image = |
|image =PZL.4 prototype.jpg |
||
|caption = |
|caption = |
||
}}{{Infobox |
}}{{Infobox aircraft type |
||
|type =Passenger aircraft |
|type =[[Airliner|Passenger aircraft]] |
||
|manufacturer =[[PZL]] |
|manufacturer =[[Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze|PZL]] |
||
|designer = |
|designer = |
||
|first flight =8 January 1932 |
|first flight =8 January 1932 |
||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
|produced = |
|produced = |
||
|number built =1 |
|number built =1 |
||
|unit cost = |
|unit cost = 1.416.110 [[złoty]]<ref name=mazur16/> |
||
|variants with their own articles = |
|variants with their own articles = |
||
}} |
}} |
||
|} |
|} |
||
The '''PZL.4''' was a |
The '''PZL.4''' was a Polish three-engine passenger aircraft for 10 passengers, built in [[Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze|PZL]] factory in 1932, which remained a prototype. It was the first Polish-designed and produced multi-engine plane. |
||
==Development== |
==Development== |
||
Despite purchasing a number of three-engine [[Fokker F.VII]]b/3m aircraft, [[LOT Polish Airlines]] soon started looking for a more modern design and organized a design contest in 1928. The contest was won by the Polish engineer Zygmunt Bruner, working in the French [[Société des Avions Bernard|Bernard]] works, with his design T-600. It was an all-metal high-wing three-engine monoplane, similar to [[Ford Trimotor]]. State Aviation Works PZL decided to take over its development, and a group of engineers was sent to Paris and worked the design in 1929, under direction of Zygmunt Bruner. There were also carried out aerodynamic trials of a plane model. Detailed technical drawings were worked in PZL in Warsaw in 1930, under direction of [[Stanisław Prauss]], and a prototype was built, designated '''PZL.4''' (this designation was used before for a single-engine design worked out for a passenger plane contest in 1928, won by [[PWS-20]]). |
|||
The PZL.4 was a high-wing cantilever [[monoplane]] of metal construction, with closed cab and three engines. The fuselage was rectangular in cross-section, made of [[duralumin]] and covered with duralumin sheet. The two-spar wings and tailfins were covered with Wibault-pattern ribbed duralumin sheet. The wings had squared-off wingtips. A crew of two (pilot and mechanic), were accommodated in front, before the wing, equipped with twin controls. Behind and slightly below under the wing, there was a cabin for 10 passengers in three compartments in the fuselage. The cabin had wide rectangular windows, |
The PZL.4 was a high-wing cantilever [[monoplane]] of metal construction, with closed cab and three engines. The fuselage was rectangular in cross-section, made of [[duralumin]] and covered with duralumin sheet. The two-spar wings and tailfins were covered with Wibault-pattern ribbed duralumin sheet. The wings had squared-off wingtips. A crew of two (pilot and mechanic), were accommodated in front, before the wing, equipped with twin controls. Behind and slightly below under the wing, there was a cabin for 10 passengers in three compartments in the fuselage. The cabin had wide rectangular windows, sloped outwards for a better view, and door on the left side. The cabin had places for a baggage behind it and below a floor. |
||
Three 9-cylinder |
Three 9-cylinder [[Polish-Skoda J-5a Whirlwind]] radial engines mounted in the fuselage nose and in wing nacelles provided ({{cvt|240|hp|order=flip}} takeoff power and {{cvt|220|hp|order=flip}} nominal power. The engines were fitted with [[Townend ring]]s and three-blade metal propellers, later two-blade wooden propellers of a fixed pitch. A conventional fixed [[landing gear]], with a rear wheel, main gear wheels' diameter {{cvt|1.15|m}} was also fitted. The fuel tank capacity of {{cvt|915|L|USgal impgal}} in wing centre-section tanks, providing (cruise fuel consumption {{cvt|180|L/h|USgal/h impgal/h}}). |
||
==Operational history== |
==Operational history== |
||
The prototype was flown on 8 January 1932 in Warsaw by [[Bolesław Orliński]] (markings SP-AGY). In June 1932 it took part in an international air meeting in Warsaw. From autumn 1932 to 1935 it was evaluated by LOT Polish Airlines, but it was found unsatisfactory. The empty weight was |
The prototype was first flown on 8 January 1932 in Warsaw by [[Bolesław Orliński]] (markings SP-AGY). In June 1932 it took part in an international air meeting in Warsaw. From autumn 1932 to 1935 it was evaluated by LOT Polish Airlines, but it was found unsatisfactory. The empty weight was larger by 730 kg, over the design specification, which decreased performance. As a result, its performance was inferior to Fokker F.VIIb/3m, with the same engines. Proposals to use {{cvt|300|hp|order=flip}} [[Gnome-Rhône 7K]] or {{cvt|450|hp|order=flip}} [[Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp]] engines were rejected by LOT (the latter engines would demand strengthening of construction). |
||
The prototype was withdrawn from service in 1936 and scrapped in 1937. |
The prototype cost was 1,416,110 [[złoty]] and it brought the manufacturer 663,000 złoty loss.<ref name=mazur16>Mazur 2016, p. 13-16</ref> The prototype was withdrawn from service in 1936 and scrapped in 1937. |
||
==Specifications== |
==Specifications== |
||
{{Aircraft specs |
|||
{{aircraft specifications| |
|||
|ref=Polish Aircraft 1893–1939<ref name=Cynk>{{cite book|title=Polish Aircraft 1893–1939|last=Cynk|first=Jerzy|year=1971|publisher=Putnam Publishing|location=London|isbn=0-370-00085-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/polishaircraft1800cynk/page/138 138-141]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/polishaircraft1800cynk/page/138}}</ref> |
|||
<!-- if you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] --> |
|||
|prime units?=met |
|||
|plane or copter?=plane |
|||
<!-- |
|||
|jet or prop?=prop |
|||
General characteristics |
|||
|crew=2, pilot and mechanic |
|||
--> |
|||
|capacity=10 |
|||
|crew= |
|||
|length main= 16.5 m |
|||
|capacity=10-14 passengers |
|||
|length alt= |
|||
|length m=16.5 |
|||
|span main=24.4 m |
|||
|span |
|span m=24.4 |
||
|height |
|height m=3.3 |
||
|wing area sqm=77 |
|||
|height alt= |
|||
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
|||
|area main=77 m² |
|||
|airfoil= |
|||
|area alt= ft² |
|||
|empty weight kg=4081 |
|||
|airfoil= |
|||
| |
|gross weight kg=5586 |
||
| |
|max takeoff weight kg= |
||
|fuel capacity={{cvt|915|L|USgal impgal}} |
|||
|loaded weight main= 5586 kg |
|||
|more general= |
|||
|loaded weight alt= |
|||
<!-- |
|||
|useful load main= 1505 kg |
|||
Powerplant |
|||
|useful load alt= |
|||
--> |
|||
|max takeoff weight main= |
|||
|eng1 number=3 |
|||
|max takeoff weight alt= |
|||
|eng1 name=[[Polish-Skoda J-5a Whirlwind]] |
|||
|engine (prop)=[[Wright Whirlwind J-5]] |
|||
| |
|eng1 type=9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines |
||
|eng1 hp=220 |
|||
|number of props=3 |
|||
|power main=240 hp |
|||
|prop blade number=3 |
|||
|power alt= |
|||
|prop name=Heddernheimer Kupferwerke adjustable-pitch metal propellers |
|||
|max speed main=190 km/h |
|||
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
|||
|max speed alt= |
|||
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
|||
|cruise speed main= 170 km/h |
|||
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
|||
|cruise speed alt= |
|||
|prop dia note= |
|||
|stall speed main= <105 km/h |
|||
<!-- |
|||
|stall speed alt= |
|||
Performance |
|||
|range main=800 km |
|||
--> |
|||
|range alt= |
|||
|max speed kmh=190 |
|||
|ceiling main=2800 m |
|||
|max speed note=at sea level |
|||
|ceiling alt= |
|||
::::{{cvt|179|km/h|mph kn}} at {{cvt|2000|m}} |
|||
|climb rate main= 2.3 m/s |
|||
| |
|cruise speed kmh= |
||
|stall speed kmh= |
|||
|loading main= 72.6 kg/m² |
|||
|never exceed speed kmh= |
|||
|loading alt= |
|||
|minimum control speed kmh= |
|||
|power/mass main= |
|||
|range km=800 |
|||
|power/mass alt= |
|||
|combat range km= |
|||
|armament= |
|||
|ferry range km= |
|||
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |
|||
|ceiling m=2800 |
|||
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic --> |
|||
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> |
|||
|climb rate ms= |
|||
|time to altitude=<br/> |
|||
::::{{cvt|1000|m}} 8 minutes 58 seconds |
|||
::::{{cvt|2000|m}} 22 minutes |
|||
|wing loading kg/m2=72.6 |
|||
|fuel consumption kg/km= |
|||
|power/mass={{cvt|0.0535|hp/lb|kW/kg}} |
|||
|thrust/weight= |
|||
|more performance= |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
*Glass, Andrzej. ''Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939'' (Polish Aviation Constructions 1893-1939, in Polish). Warsaw: WKiŁ, 1977 (Polish language, no ISBN). |
|||
==Further reading== |
|||
*{{cite book |last1=Glass |first1=Andrzej |title=Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" (''Polish aviation constructions 1893-1939'') |date=1977 |publisher=WKiŁ |location=Warsaw |pages=162–164}} |
|||
*{{cite book |last1=Mazur|first1=Wojciech|date= 2016|title=Samoloty komunikacyjne PLL LOT|series=Wielki leksykon uzbrojenia. Wrzesień 1939 |volume=tom 81|language= pl|location=Warsaw |publisher= Edipresse Polska|isbn=978-83-7945-055-8}} |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
| Line 89: | Line 108: | ||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
{{commons category|PZL.4}} |
|||
{{portal|aviation}} |
|||
{{aircontent| |
{{aircontent| |
||
|related= |
|related= |
||
| Line 99: | Line 120: | ||
{{PZL aircraft}} |
{{PZL aircraft}} |
||
{{aviation lists}} |
|||
[[Category:Polish airliners 1930-1939]] |
|||
[[Category:Multi-engine aircraft]] |
|||
[[Category:1930s Polish airliners]] |
|||
[[pl:PZL.4]] |
|||
[[Category:PZL aircraft|04]] |
|||
[[Category:Trimotors]] |
|||
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]] |
|||
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1932]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 07:48, 9 August 2023
| PZL.4 | |
|---|---|
| |
| Role | Passenger aircraft |
| Manufacturer | PZL |
| First flight | 8 January 1932 |
| Introduction | 1933 |
| Retired | 1936 |
| Status | prototype |
| Primary user | Polish civilian aviation (LOT Polish Airlines) |
| Number built | 1 |
The PZL.4 was a Polish three-engine passenger aircraft for 10 passengers, built in PZL factory in 1932, which remained a prototype. It was the first Polish-designed and produced multi-engine plane.
Development[edit]
Despite purchasing a number of three-engine Fokker F.VIIb/3m aircraft, LOT Polish Airlines soon started looking for a more modern design and organized a design contest in 1928. The contest was won by the Polish engineer Zygmunt Bruner, working in the French Bernard works, with his design T-600. It was an all-metal high-wing three-engine monoplane, similar to Ford Trimotor. State Aviation Works PZL decided to take over its development, and a group of engineers was sent to Paris and worked the design in 1929, under direction of Zygmunt Bruner. There were also carried out aerodynamic trials of a plane model. Detailed technical drawings were worked in PZL in Warsaw in 1930, under direction of Stanisław Prauss, and a prototype was built, designated PZL.4 (this designation was used before for a single-engine design worked out for a passenger plane contest in 1928, won by PWS-20).
The PZL.4 was a high-wing cantilever monoplane of metal construction, with closed cab and three engines. The fuselage was rectangular in cross-section, made of duralumin and covered with duralumin sheet. The two-spar wings and tailfins were covered with Wibault-pattern ribbed duralumin sheet. The wings had squared-off wingtips. A crew of two (pilot and mechanic), were accommodated in front, before the wing, equipped with twin controls. Behind and slightly below under the wing, there was a cabin for 10 passengers in three compartments in the fuselage. The cabin had wide rectangular windows, sloped outwards for a better view, and door on the left side. The cabin had places for a baggage behind it and below a floor.
Three 9-cylinder Polish-Skoda J-5a Whirlwind radial engines mounted in the fuselage nose and in wing nacelles provided (180 kW (240 hp) takeoff power and 160 kW (220 hp) nominal power. The engines were fitted with Townend rings and three-blade metal propellers, later two-blade wooden propellers of a fixed pitch. A conventional fixed landing gear, with a rear wheel, main gear wheels' diameter 1.15 m (3 ft 9 in) was also fitted. The fuel tank capacity of 915 L (242 US gal; 201 imp gal) in wing centre-section tanks, providing (cruise fuel consumption 180 L/h (48 gal/h; 40 imp gal/h)).
Operational history[edit]
The prototype was first flown on 8 January 1932 in Warsaw by Bolesław Orliński (markings SP-AGY). In June 1932 it took part in an international air meeting in Warsaw. From autumn 1932 to 1935 it was evaluated by LOT Polish Airlines, but it was found unsatisfactory. The empty weight was larger by 730 kg, over the design specification, which decreased performance. As a result, its performance was inferior to Fokker F.VIIb/3m, with the same engines. Proposals to use 220 kW (300 hp) Gnome-Rhône 7K or 340 kW (450 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp engines were rejected by LOT (the latter engines would demand strengthening of construction).
The prototype cost was 1,416,110 złoty and it brought the manufacturer 663,000 złoty loss.[1] The prototype was withdrawn from service in 1936 and scrapped in 1937.
Specifications[edit]
Data from Polish Aircraft 1893–1939[2]
General characteristics
- Capacity: 10-14 passengers
- Length: 16.5 m (54 ft 2 in)
- Wingspan: 24.4 m (80 ft 1 in)
- Height: 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
- Wing area: 77 m2 (830 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 4,081 kg (8,997 lb)
- Gross weight: 5,586 kg (12,315 lb)
- Fuel capacity: 915 L (242 US gal; 201 imp gal)
- Powerplant: 3 × Polish-Skoda J-5a Whirlwind 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 160 kW (220 hp) each
- Propellers: 3-bladed Heddernheimer Kupferwerke adjustable-pitch metal propellers
Performance
- Maximum speed: 190 km/h (120 mph, 100 kn) at sea level
- 179 km/h (111 mph; 97 kn) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
- Range: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 2,800 m (9,200 ft)
- Time to altitude:
- 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 8 minutes 58 seconds
- 2,000 m (6,600 ft) 22 minutes
- Wing loading: 72.6 kg/m2 (14.9 lb/sq ft)
- Power/mass: 0.0535 hp/lb (0.0880 kW/kg)
References[edit]
- ^ Mazur 2016, p. 13-16
- ^ Cynk, Jerzy (1971). Polish Aircraft 1893–1939. London: Putnam Publishing. pp. 138-141. ISBN 0-370-00085-4.
Further reading[edit]
- Glass, Andrzej (1977). Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" (Polish aviation constructions 1893-1939). Warsaw: WKiŁ. pp. 162–164.
- Mazur, Wojciech (2016). Samoloty komunikacyjne PLL LOT. Wielki leksykon uzbrojenia. Wrzesień 1939 (in Polish). Vol. tom 81. Warsaw: Edipresse Polska. ISBN 978-83-7945-055-8.
External links[edit]
See also[edit]
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era