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{{Short description|Genus of snakes}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Atractaspis''
| name = ''Atractaspis''
| image = Atractaspis engaddensis.jpg
| image = Atractaspis engaddensis.jpg
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}}
}}


:'''''Common names:''' burrowing vipers, burrowing asps, mole vipers,<ref name="SB95">[[Stephen Spawls|Spawls S]], [[:fr:William Roy Branch|Branch B]] (1995). ''The Dangerous Snakes of Africa: Natural History, Species Directory, Venoms and Snakebite''. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-029-8}}.</ref> [[#Common names|more]].''
:'''''Common names:''' burrowing vipers, burrowing asps, mole vipers,<ref name="SB95">[[species:Stephen Spawls|Spawls S]], [[William Roy Branch|Branch B]] (1995). ''The Dangerous Snakes of Africa: Natural History, Species Directory, Venoms and Snakebite''. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-029-8}}.</ref> [[#Common names|more]].''
'''''Atractaspis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[venomous snake]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Lamprophiidae]]. The genus is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Africa]] and the [[Middle East]]. The genus contains 15 [[species]] that are recognized by ITIS.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=209551|taxon=''Atractaspis ''|accessdate=29 August 2007}}</ref> Others recognize as many as 21 [[species]].<ref>"''Atractaspis'' ". ''Dahms Tierleben''. www.dahmstierleben.de/systematik/Reptilien/Squamata/Serpentes/colubroidea/lamprophiidae/Atractaspidinae.</ref><ref name="RDB">{{EMBL genus|genus=Atractaspis}}. www.reptile-database.org.</ref><ref>"''Atractaspis'' ". Wikispecies.</ref> 23 are listed here.
'''''Atractaspis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[venomous snake]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Atractaspididae|Atractaspidae]], also known as the stiletto snakes. The genus is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Africa]] and the [[Middle East]]. The genus contains 15 [[species]] that are recognized by ITIS.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=209551|taxon=''Atractaspis ''|accessdate=29 August 2007}}</ref> Others recognize as many as 21 [[species]].<ref>"''Atractaspis'' ". ''Dahms Tierleben''. www.dahmstierleben.de/systematik/Reptilien/Squamata/Serpentes/colubroidea/lamprophiidae/Atractaspidinae.</ref><ref name="RDB">{{EMBL genus|genus=Atractaspis}}. www.reptile-database.org.</ref><ref>"''Atractaspis'' ". Wikispecies.</ref> 23 are listed here.


==Common names==
==Common names==
[[Common names]] for snakes of the genus ''Atractaspis'' include burrowing vipers, burrowing asps, mole vipers, stiletto snakes, side-stabbing snakes. "Side stabbing" refers to the snakes' uncommon ability to strike with the side of their head and inject venom with one protruding fang. <ref name="SB95"/>
[[Common names]] for snakes of the genus ''Atractaspis'' include burrowing vipers, burrowing asps, mole vipers, stiletto snakes, side-stabbing snakes, side-stabbers. "Side stabbing" refers to the snakes' uncommon ability to strike with the side of their head and inject venom with one protruding fang.<ref name="SB95"/>


==Geographic range==
==Geographic range==
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==Description==
==Description==
Members of the genus ''Atractaspis'' share the following characters. Venom fangs enormously developed; a few teeth on the [[palatine bone|palatines]], none on the [[Pterygoid bone|pterygoids]]; [[mandible]]s [[Edentulism|edentulous]] anteriorly, with 2 or 3 very small teeth in the middle of the [[dentary bone]]. Postfrontal bone absent. Head small, not distinct from neck, covered with large symmetrical shields; nostril between 2 nasals; no loreal; eye minute, with round pupil. Body cylindrical; dorsal scales smooth, without apical pits, in 17 to 37 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals either single or in two rows.<ref>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1896). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ''. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Genus ''Atractaspis'', pp. 510-511, Figure 36).</ref>
Members of the genus ''Atractaspis'' share the following characteristics. Venom fangs enormously developed; a few teeth on the [[palatine bone|palatines]], none on the [[Pterygoid bone|pterygoids]]; [[mandible]]s [[Edentulism|edentulous]] anteriorly, with 2 or 3 very small teeth in the middle of the [[dentary bone]]. Postfrontal bone absent. Head small, not distinct from neck, covered with large symmetrical shields; nostril between 2 nasals; no loreal; eye minute, with round pupil. Body cylindrical; dorsal scales smooth, without apical pits, in 17 to 37 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals either single or in two rows.<ref>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1896). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ''. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Genus ''Atractaspis'', pp. 510-511, Figure 36).</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
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!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Subspecies**<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Subspecies**<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name<ref name="SB95"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name<ref name="SB95"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range<ref name="SB95"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range<ref name="RDB"/><ref name="SB95"/>
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis andersonii|A. andersonii]]''
|''[[Atractaspis andersonii|A. andersonii]]''
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|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|
|
|Oman, Yemen
|
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis aterrima|A. aterrima]]''
|''[[Atractaspis aterrima|A. aterrima]]''
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|align="center"|————
|align="center"|————
|slender burrowing asp
|slender burrowing asp
|style="width:40%"|[[Africa]]: from [[Senegal]] and the [[Gambia]] east to [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]] and [[Uganda]].
|Africa: from Senegal and the Gambia east to DR Congo and Uganda.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis battersbyi|A. battersbyi]]''
|''[[Atractaspis battersbyi|A. battersbyi]]''
|[[:fr:Gaston-François de Witte|de Witte]], 1959
|[[Gaston-François de Witte|de Witte]], 1959
|align="center"|————
|align="center"|————
|[[James Clarence Battersby|Battersby's]] burrowing asp
|[[species:James Clarence Battersby|Battersby's]] burrowing asp
|Africa: Bolobo, on the [[Congo River]] basin, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]].
|Africa: Bolobo, on the [[Congo River]] basin, DR Congo.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis bibronii|A. bibronii]]''
|''[[Atractaspis bibronii|A. bibronii]]''
|[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|A. Smith]], 1849
|[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|A. Smith]], 1849
|align="center"|————
|align="center"|''bibronii''
''rostrata''
|[[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron's]] burrowing asp
|[[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron's]] burrowing asp
|Southern Africa, from central [[Namibia]], east to northern [[South Africa]], north to southeastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]], eastern [[Tanzania]], coastal [[Kenya]], and extreme southern coastal [[Somalia]].
|Southern Africa, from central Namibia, east to northern South Africa, north to south-eastern DR Congo, eastern Tanzania, coastal Kenya, and extreme southern coastal Somalia.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis boulengeri|A. boulengeri]]''
|''[[Atractaspis boulengeri|A. boulengeri]]''
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|[[William Roy Branch|Branch's]] stiletto snake
|[[William Roy Branch|Branch's]] stiletto snake
|Africa: from Liberia to Guinea
|Africa: from Liberia to Guinea
|-
|''[[Atractaspis coalescens|A. coalescens]]''
|[[:fr:Jean-Luc Perret|Perret]], 1960
|align="center"|————
|black burrowing asp
|Africa: Bangwa in southwestern [[Cameroon]].
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis congica|A. congica]]''
|''[[Atractaspis congica|A. congica]]''
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|''leleupi'' <br />''orientalis''
|''leleupi'' <br />''orientalis''
|Congo burrowing asp
|Congo burrowing asp
|Africa: from the mouth of the Congo River south to [[Angola]], southeastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]] and northern [[Zambia]].
|Africa: from the mouth of the Congo River south to Angola, south-eastern DR Congo and northern Zambia.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis corpulenta|A. corpulenta]]''
|''[[Atractaspis corpulenta|A. corpulenta]]''
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|''kivuensis'' <br />''leucura''
|''kivuensis'' <br />''leucura''
|fat burrowing asp
|fat burrowing asp
|Africa: from [[Liberia]] to [[Ghana]] and from [[Nigeria]] eastwards to northeastern DR Congo.
|Africa: from Liberia to Ghana and from Nigeria eastwards to north-eastern DR Congo.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis dahomeyensis|A. dahomeyensis]]''
|''[[Atractaspis dahomeyensis|A. dahomeyensis]]''
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|align="center"|————
|align="center"|————
|[[Dahomey]] burrowing asp
|[[Dahomey]] burrowing asp
|Africa: from southwestern [[Cameroon]], north and west through [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]], [[Togo]], [[Ghana]], northwestern [[Ivory Coast]], southwestern [[Burkina Faso]] and south-central [[Mali]].
|Africa: from southwestern Cameroon, north and west through Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, north-western Ivory Coast, south-western Burkina Faso and south-central Mali.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis duerdeni|A. duerdeni]]''
|''[[Atractaspis duerdeni|A. duerdeni]]''
|[[Lewis Henry Gough|Gough]], 1907
|[[species:Lewis Henry Gough|Gough]], 1907
|align="center"|————
|align="center"|————
|[[James Edwin Duerden|Duerden's]] burrowing asp
|[[James Edwin Duerden|Duerden's]] burrowing asp
|Africa in two isolated populations: one in north-central [[Namibia]] and one in southeastern [[Botswana]] and northern South Africa.
|Africa in two isolated populations: one in north-central Namibia and one in south-eastern Botswana and northern South Africa.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis engaddensis|A. engaddensis]]''
|''[[Atractaspis engaddensis|A. engaddensis]]''
|[[Georg Haas (paleontologist)|Haas]], 1950
|[[Georg Haas (paleontologist)|Haas]], 1950
|
|
|En-Gedi asp
|En-Gedi asp , alasawad alkhabith
|Israel ,palestine , saudi arabia , lebanon
|Israel: [[Judean Desert]].
|
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis engdahli|A. engdahli]]''
|''[[Atractaspis engdahli|A. engdahli]]''
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|align="center"|————
|align="center"|————
|[[Theodore Engdahl|Engdahl's]] burrowing asp
|[[Theodore Engdahl|Engdahl's]] burrowing asp
|Africa: southern [[Somalia]] and the lower [[Juba River|Juba Valley]] northwest into northeastern [[Kenya]].
|Africa: southern Somalia and the lower [[Juba River|Juba Valley]] northwest into northeastern Kenya.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis fallax|A. fallax]]''
|''[[Atractaspis fallax|A. fallax]]''
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|align="center"|————
|align="center"|————
|
|
|Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia
|
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis irregularis|A. irregularis]]''
|''[[Atractaspis irregularis|A. irregularis]]''
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|''angeli'' <br />''bipostocularis'' <br />''conradsi'' <br />''parkeri'' <br />''uelensis''
|''angeli'' <br />''bipostocularis'' <br />''conradsi'' <br />''parkeri'' <br />''uelensis''
|variable burrowing asp
|variable burrowing asp
|Africa: from [[Liberia]] to [[Ghana]], from [[Nigeria]] east to [[Uganda]], southern [[Sudan]], and western and central [[Kenya]], and south to northeastern [[Tanzania]], DR Congo and northwestern [[Angola]].
|Africa: from Liberia to Ghana, from Nigeria east to Uganda, southern Sudan, and western and central Kenya, and south to north-eastern Tanzania, DR Congo and north-western Angola.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis leucomelas|A. leucomelas]]''
|''[[Atractaspis leucomelas|A. leucomelas]]''
|[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1895
|Boulenger, 1895
|align="center"|————
|align="center"|————
|Ogaden burrowing asp
|Ogaden burrowing asp
|Africa: eastern [[Ethiopia]], northwestern [[Somalia]] and [[Djibouti]].
|Africa: eastern Ethiopia, northwestern Somalia and [[Djibouti]].
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis magretti|A. magrettii]]''
|''[[Atractaspis magrettii|A. magrettii]]''
|[[:fr:Giuseppe Scortecci|Scortecci]], 1928
|[[species:Giuseppe Scortecci|Scortecci]], 1928
|
|
|
|
|
|western Eritrea, northwestern Ethiopia, south-eastern Sudan
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis microlepidota|A. microlepidota]]''
|''[[Atractaspis microlepidota|A. microlepidota]]''
|[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1866
|Günther, 1866
|
|
|small-scaled burrowing asp
|small-scaled burrowing asp
|Africa: [[Senegal]], [[Gambia]], southern [[Mauritania]], and western [[Mali]]
|Africa: Senegal, Gambia, southern Mauritania, and western Mali
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis micropholis|A. micropholis]]''
|''[[Atractaspis micropholis|A. micropholis]]''
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|
|
|
|
|Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria
|
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis phillipsi|A. phillipsi]]''
|''[[Atractaspis phillipsi|A. phillipsi]]''
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|
|
|
|
|south-eastern Sudan
|
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis reticulata|A. reticulata]]''
|''[[Atractaspis reticulata|A. reticulata]]''
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|''brieni'' <br />''heterochilus''
|''brieni'' <br />''heterochilus''
|reticulate burrowing asp
|reticulate burrowing asp
|Central Africa: from southern [[Cameroon]], east to eastern DR Congo and south to [[Angola]].
|Central Africa: from southern Cameroon, east to eastern DR Congo and south to Angola.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis scorteccii|A. scorteccii]]''
|''[[Atractaspis scorteccii|A. scorteccii]]''
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|align="center"|————
|align="center"|————
|Somali burrowing asp
|Somali burrowing asp
|Africa: eastern [[Ethiopia]] and northern [[Somalia]].
|Africa: eastern Ethiopia and northern Somalia.
|-
|-
|''[[Atractaspis watsoni|A. watsoni]]''
|''[[Atractaspis watsoni|A. watsoni]]''
|Boulenger, 1908
|Boulenger, 1908
|
|
|Watson' s
|
Burrowing
|
Asp
|Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal
|}
|}
''*) A taxon author in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Atractaspis''.<br>
''*) A taxon author in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Atractaspis''.<br />
''**) Not including the [[nominotypical subspecies|nominate subspecies]].''
''**) Not including the [[nominotypical subspecies|nominate subspecies]].''


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*[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith A]] (1849). ''Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa; Consisting Chiefly of Figures and Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected during an Expedition into the Interior of South Africa, in the Years 1834, 1835, and 1836; Fitted out by "The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa:" Together with a Summary of African Zoology, and an Inquiry into the Geographical Ranges of Species in that Quarter of the Globe''. [Volume III. Reptilia]. London: Lords Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury. (Smith, Elder and Co., printers). 48 plates + unnumbered pages of text. (''Atractaspis'', new genus).
*[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith A]] (1849). ''Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa; Consisting Chiefly of Figures and Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected during an Expedition into the Interior of South Africa, in the Years 1834, 1835, and 1836; Fitted out by "The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa:" Together with a Summary of African Zoology, and an Inquiry into the Geographical Ranges of Species in that Quarter of the Globe''. [Volume III. Reptilia]. London: Lords Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury. (Smith, Elder and Co., printers). 48 plates + unnumbered pages of text. (''Atractaspis'', new genus).


⚫
==External links==
{{Commons category|Atractaspis}}
{{Commons category|Atractaspis}}
{{Wikispecies|Atractaspis}}
{{Wikispecies|Atractaspis}}

⚫
==External links==
*{{NRDB genus|genus=Atractaspis|date=29 August|year=2007}}
*{{NRDB genus|genus=Atractaspis|date=29 August|year=2007}}
*[https://snakesarelong.blogspot.com/2012/08/stiletto-snakes.html Stiletto snakes] on [https://snakesarelong.blogspot.com/ Life is Short but Snakes are Long]
*[https://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/05/26/sidestabbing-stiletto-snakes Side-stabbing stiletto snakes] on [https://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology Tetrapod Zoology]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q646565}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q646565}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Lamprophiidae]]
[[Category:Atractaspididae]]
[[Category:Snake genera]]
[[Category:Snake genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Andrew Smith (zoologist)]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Andrew Smith (zoologist)]]

Latest revision as of 17:12, 29 October 2023

Atractaspis
Atractaspis engaddensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Atractaspididae
Subfamily: Atractaspidinae
Genus: Atractaspis
A. Smith, 1849
Common names: burrowing vipers, burrowing asps, mole vipers,[1] more.

Atractaspis is a genus of venomous snakes in the family Atractaspidae, also known as the stiletto snakes. The genus is endemic to Africa and the Middle East. The genus contains 15 species that are recognized by ITIS.[2] Others recognize as many as 21 species.[3][4][5] 23 are listed here.

Common names[edit]

Common names for snakes of the genus Atractaspis include burrowing vipers, burrowing asps, mole vipers, stiletto snakes, side-stabbing snakes, side-stabbers. "Side stabbing" refers to the snakes' uncommon ability to strike with the side of their head and inject venom with one protruding fang.[1]

Geographic range[edit]

Species of the genus Atractaspis are found mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a limited distribution in the Jordan valley in Israel, Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula.[1]

Description[edit]

Members of the genus Atractaspis share the following characteristics. Venom fangs enormously developed; a few teeth on the palatines, none on the pterygoids; mandibles edentulous anteriorly, with 2 or 3 very small teeth in the middle of the dentary bone. Postfrontal bone absent. Head small, not distinct from neck, covered with large symmetrical shields; nostril between 2 nasals; no loreal; eye minute, with round pupil. Body cylindrical; dorsal scales smooth, without apical pits, in 17 to 37 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals either single or in two rows.[6]

Species[edit]

Species[2][4] Taxon author*[2][4] Subspecies**[2] Common name[1] Geographic range[4][1]
A. andersonii Boulenger, 1905 Oman, Yemen
A. aterrima Günther, 1863 ———— slender burrowing asp Africa: from Senegal and the Gambia east to DR Congo and Uganda.
A. battersbyi de Witte, 1959 ———— Battersby's burrowing asp Africa: Bolobo, on the Congo River basin, DR Congo.
A. bibronii A. Smith, 1849 bibronii

rostrata

Bibron's burrowing asp Southern Africa, from central Namibia, east to northern South Africa, north to south-eastern DR Congo, eastern Tanzania, coastal Kenya, and extreme southern coastal Somalia.
A. boulengeri Mocquard, 1897 matschiensis
mixta
schmidti
schultzei
vanderborghti 		Central African burrowing asp Africa: the forests of the western Congo River basin.
A. branchi Rödel et al., 2019 Branch's stiletto snake Africa: from Liberia to Guinea
A. congica W. Peters, 1877 leleupi
orientalis 		Congo burrowing asp Africa: from the mouth of the Congo River south to Angola, south-eastern DR Congo and northern Zambia.
A. corpulenta (Hallowell, 1854) kivuensis
leucura 		fat burrowing asp Africa: from Liberia to Ghana and from Nigeria eastwards to north-eastern DR Congo.
A. dahomeyensis Bocage, 1887 ———— Dahomey burrowing asp Africa: from southwestern Cameroon, north and west through Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, north-western Ivory Coast, south-western Burkina Faso and south-central Mali.
A. duerdeni Gough, 1907 ———— Duerden's burrowing asp Africa in two isolated populations: one in north-central Namibia and one in south-eastern Botswana and northern South Africa.
A. engaddensis Haas, 1950 En-Gedi asp , alasawad alkhabith Israel ,palestine , saudi arabia , lebanon
A. engdahli Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913 ———— Engdahl's burrowing asp Africa: southern Somalia and the lower Juba Valley northwest into northeastern Kenya.
A. fallax W. Peters, 1867 ———— Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia
A. irregularis (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843) angeli
bipostocularis
conradsi
parkeri
uelensis 		variable burrowing asp Africa: from Liberia to Ghana, from Nigeria east to Uganda, southern Sudan, and western and central Kenya, and south to north-eastern Tanzania, DR Congo and north-western Angola.
A. leucomelas Boulenger, 1895 ———— Ogaden burrowing asp Africa: eastern Ethiopia, northwestern Somalia and Djibouti.
A. magrettii Scortecci, 1928 western Eritrea, northwestern Ethiopia, south-eastern Sudan
A. microlepidota Günther, 1866 small-scaled burrowing asp Africa: Senegal, Gambia, southern Mauritania, and western Mali
A. micropholis Günther, 1872 Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria
A. phillipsi Barbour, 1913 south-eastern Sudan
A. reticulata Sjöstedt, 1896 brieni
heterochilus 		reticulate burrowing asp Central Africa: from southern Cameroon, east to eastern DR Congo and south to Angola.
A. scorteccii Parker, 1949 ———— Somali burrowing asp Africa: eastern Ethiopia and northern Somalia.
A. watsoni Boulenger, 1908 Watson' s

Burrowing Asp

Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal

*) A taxon author in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Atractaspis.
 **) Not including the nominate subspecies.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Spawls S, Branch B (1995). The Dangerous Snakes of Africa: Natural History, Species Directory, Venoms and Snakebite. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  2. ^ a b c d "Atractaspis ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
  3. ^ "Atractaspis ". Dahms Tierleben. www.dahmstierleben.de/systematik/Reptilien/Squamata/Serpentes/colubroidea/lamprophiidae/Atractaspidinae.
  4. ^ a b c d Genus Atractaspis at The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  5. ^ "Atractaspis ". Wikispecies.
  6. ^ Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Genus Atractaspis, pp. 510-511, Figure 36).

Further reading[edit]

  • Branch, Bill (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. ISBN 0-88359-042-5. (Genus Atractaspis, pp. 61–62).
  • Smith A (1849). Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa; Consisting Chiefly of Figures and Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected during an Expedition into the Interior of South Africa, in the Years 1834, 1835, and 1836; Fitted out by "The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa:" Together with a Summary of African Zoology, and an Inquiry into the Geographical Ranges of Species in that Quarter of the Globe. [Volume III. Reptilia]. London: Lords Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury. (Smith, Elder and Co., printers). 48 plates + unnumbered pages of text. (Atractaspis, new genus).

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atractaspis.
Wikispecies has information related to Atractaspis.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atractaspis&oldid=1182488837"